Case Study: Harold Shipman

event Study Har emeritus ShipmanShipman began practicing as a doctor in 1974, at the Abraham Ormerod Medical Practice in Todmorden. He was there until 1975 when his partners spy that he had been obtaining drugs dishonestly for his own use. In 1976 he pleaded guilty to trinity offences of obtaining pethidine by deception, lead offences of un police forceful possession of pethidine and two further offences of beat a prescription he was sentenced in Halifax Magistrates court to pay a fine and compensation. In August 1992,he began working as a unaccompanied practitioner at a surgery in Hyde he go on to work as a individual-handed practitioner until his arrest in September 1998.In July 1998 the Greater Manchester Police began an inquiry into Kathleen Grundys decease, a tolerant of Dr Shipman, the inquiry was rapidly widened to include the cultures of Shipmans other patients. On Mon sidereal day, 31st January 2000 the board at Preston Crown Court convicted Harold Shipman of 15 murders and of forging a exit.Case StudyMrs Kathleen Grundy was a widow and lived by herself she was in remarkably piece of assdid health for her age. She under alikek work for umpteen Charitable organisations and had a healthy accessible life. She spent the evening in the setoff place her death with a friend and was in normal health when she went home. Mrs Grundy died on 24th June 1998 at the age of 81. Shipman regretful a certificate and passed of her death being due(p) to old age. laterward scientific analysis of her body tissues in August 1998 showed that she had died of morphia poisoning.In the few days forwards her death, Shipman had persuaded Mrs Grundy to take part in a research project into the ageing process, allegedly to be bestowed by Manchester University. It emerged ac confederacying that this was a hoax so he could obtain a take in of her cutaneous senses, which he apply in an attempt to forge a volition. This withal created an excuse to natter h er at home. She visited him on 23rd June, to have her ears syringed and told her that he needed a blood sample for the research project which moldiness be taken early in the morning. He ordered to visit her at ab place 8.30am the next morning.The following day she was due to copy Wer canh House only when she did non arrive. Friends and colleagues there became concerned as this was taboo of character for Mrs Grundy and two of them, Mr John unripe and Mr Ronald Pickford, went to her house at around midday. They strand her lying on the sofa fully dressed. Her body was unheated and it was established she was dead. The admittance to the house was unlocked. They summoned Shipman to the house. Following a perfunctory tryout of the body, he said cardiac arrest, following the test he had a brief discussion with someone in the coroners office and it was agreed that a certificate which stated the cause of death to be old age would be acceptable. There was no set down kept of the co nversation with the coroners office.When Shipman had left the house Mr Green informed the police, as he was unable to contact Mrs Grundys miss Mrs Angela sweet woodruff. The officers concerned spoke to Shipman later and he informed them he had called on Mrs Grundy earlier that day because she had been unwell. He did not mention the fact that he had called to take a blood sample. Shipman in like manner told them he had spoken with the coroners office and was going to issue a certificate stating that Mrs Grundy had died of indispensable causes. The police officers took a quick look at the body and on seeing nothing suspicious took no further action.The day by and by the death Shipman spoke to Mrs Woodruff. He told her that he had seen Mrs Grundy on the day before her death just for a routine thing. He was light-headed and mentioned she had chest pains possibly due to indigestion. Shipman said that he had arranged to collect a blood sample the next morning, when he arrived she w as not yet dressed. He then said that some old hatful complain of feeling unwell a few days before they die and then just die. He inferred that this had happened to Mrs Grundy. He handed Mrs Woodruff the Medical Certificate of Cause of Death (MCCD) and said that he had demonstrate the death as being due to old age.Mrs Woodruffs suspicions were not emotional until she was contacted by the Hamilton Ward legal firm discourse her harvest-homes leave. Her own law practice in Warwickhad commonly dealt with her mothers legal affairs. The original will had been lodged with the firm in 1986. Hamilton Ward received a radical will the corresponding day that Mrs Grundy died. The new will was badly lineamentd. Mrs Woodruff told the Shipman trial in October My mother was a meticulously tidy person. The thought of her signing a put down which is so badly typed didnt make any sense. The signature looked strange, it looked too big. The creation of mum signing a catalogue leaving everyt hing to her doctor was unbelievable.1The police arranged for the exhumation of Mrs Grundys body. The exhumation was vital because forensic manifest was needed to verify the fiber of death. Dr Rutherford an expert witness pathologist was instructed to conduct the post-mortem examination. The post-mortem was crucial as it would establish quadrupleth dimension and cause of death, one would also know if Shipmans version of events are true. The topics of the post-mortem examination found no indwelling explanation for Mrs Grundys death therefore not supporting Shipmans key. similarly questions that were left unanswered for example why had this happened to someone who had been in intelligent health, had been answered. Scientific analysis of the body tissues revealed levels of morphine consistent with the administration of a fatal dose.Dr John Grenville also provided a study and said that there were a number of false entries in the health check records which had been created by and by the death to give credibility to Shipmans stories. Firstly that Mrs Grundy was under the weather when he saw her on 23rd June and secondly that Mrs Grundy had been ab victimisation drugs and might have administered the morphine herself. This demonstration was very priceless as it proved medical records had been doctored in order to cover Shipmans back.Forensic indorse proved that Shipman risky Mrs Grundys will this was one of the main reasons as to why suspicions were aroused in the first place. Shipman wanted to obtain the whole of Mrs Grundys estate, leaving nothing to her young woman and grandchildren. He drafted the will using his own old-fashioned Brother movable typewriter. When the police came to Shipmans premises and took possession of the typewriter the will was immediately cerebrate to him. This was important as tests would be able to show that if the will had been produced from Shipmans type writer the paper could be convergeed as well as the sign and trac ks that had been used, this evidence would be enough to prove that it had come from that specific printer. Although this evidence was valuable shipman could still argue that someone else had used his type writer. boilersuit the final product looked painstakingly un professional and suspicion would be aroused immediately.Expert hand writing evidence proved them to be forgeries. Shipman forged Mrs Grundys signature and dated the will 9th June 1998. On that day he staged a signing and witnessing event in his consulting room and essential have prepared a document for Mrs Grundy to sign which purported to provide for her combine to take part in some medical research supposedly to be conducted by Manchester University. This document required that Mrs Grundys signature should be witnessed by two others, who also had to sign and provide their names, addresses and occupations. While Mrs Grundy was at Shipmans surgery on 9th June, Shipman appears to have obtained her signature on this docum ent and then called two patients from his waiting room into the consulting room where they have it offd and sign the witnesses part of the document. Shipman must have used this document to copy the three signatures as well as he could. The document would have been valuable to shipman as he had no other fashion of tone at Mrs Grundys signature.Forensic evidence showed the Shipman had forged the signature as it did not match the style of Mrs Grundys writing and it was blatantly obvious that it was a copy due the fact that Shipman had to break off as he kept looking at the original signature to copy it, it was also noted that the signature Shipman forged was allot bigger than how Mrs Grundy would normally sign.There were clear conclusions worn-out from the Forensic evidence as the post-mortem that Mrs Grundys death was a clear baptistery of morphine poisoning. Even without this evidence there were a number of questions that did not add up for instance this was a sudden death of a n venerable person in good health. There was no explanation for her death. Mrs Grundys door was unlocked this was also unusual for her as her neighbours mentioned the fact that she was a credential conscious person, Shipman implied that Mrs Grundy left the door unlocked after letting him out this vital piece of evidence was a major(ip) blow to shipmans carapace as he had been unable to leave the security system in the condition relatives and friends would have expected it to be.Even though Shipman had altered Mrs Grundys medical records to show she was unwell just before her death and that he guess she had been abusing drugs her medical records still showed she had been in good health and had no potentially fatal conditions that would harm her. Also the cause of death being old age, left unanswered question and was quite an inappropriate case of death for a person who had been in such good health.On the 31st January 2000, after six days of deliberation the jury found Shipman gui lty of killing 15 patients by lethal injections of diamorphine, and forging the will of Kathleen Grundy. He was sentenced to 15 consecutive life sentences and it was recommended that he never be relaxd. Shipman also received four years imprisonment for forging the will. 2 years after his conviction, Home Secretary David Blunkett confirmed the judges recommendation that Shipman never be released.Shipman was officially struck off by the General Medical council in Februaury 2002 he consistently denied his guilt, disputing the scientific evidence against him. He never made any statements about his actions. His defence tried, but failed, to have the count of murder of Mrs Grundy, where a clear motive was alleged.Shipman by and by committed suicide at Wakefield Prison by hanging himself from the window bars of his cell using bed sheets. He was found in his cell at 620 am on 13 January 2004, on the eve of his 58th birthday, and was officially pronounced dead at 810 am.BibliographyCrime scene to court second edition, Edited by .P.C.Whitehttp//www.the-shipman-inquiry.org.ukhttp//www.geraldengland.co.uk/gx/shipman.htmhttp//www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-180566187.htm1 Mrs Woodruffs evidence in courtroyal stag Ahold An analysisroyal stag Ahold An analysisROYAL AHOLD1. IntroductionHeadquartered in the Netherlands, majestic Ahold is one of the worlds self-aggrandisingst multinational retail nutriment market store and forage service companies. At its peak in 2001, Aholds reported sales and profits were 66.6 billion and 1.1 billion and it operated 5,155 stores in 27 countries with nearly a quarter of a million employees. Ahold was stick outed as a family firm in 1887 by the Heijn family. It was a family-controlled business, operating primarily in the Netherlands for over 100 years. The company went public in 1948. In 1989, Ahold underwent a major transition from a family-controlled to a instruction controlled firm. This transition resulted in a phenomenal period o f success for the firm. It generated over a 1,000% return for its shareholders and had a merchandise capitalization of 30.6 billion by November 2001.In February 2003, Ahold witnessed a reversal of fortunes and suffered a complete meltdown. The firm was in a complete disastrous state with nothing going in their favour a failed strategy, an accounting scandal, the firing of professional management, and litigation filings from all parts of the world. Shareholders mixed-up most of their returns generated since 1989. Ahold scandal gave Europe a reason to believe that corporal governance and accounting problems were not restricted U.S. only. Ahold became Europes Enron (The Economist, March 1, 2003). It caused Dutch and European policymakers to rethink their approach to corporate governance and accounting policy. The imperial Ahold scandal, along with the accounting fraud at the giant Italian firm Parmalat, caused the European Union (EU) to impose more(prenominal) extensive and rigor ous regulation on the fiscal reporting system and independent audit function at heart its member nations. The princely Ahold debacle also reignited the debate regarding the need for more uniform accounting and auditing standards around the globe.In the Netherlands, a committee on corporate governance was installed on March 10, 2003 (Tabaksblat Committee, 2003) to restore the lost confidence in public companies.This report aims at studying the inter-relationships between the privation of corporate governance and of accounting transparency which led to the downfall of Ahold. The subsequent policies and strategies of the firm which aimed at reviving the firm are also aptly covered in the report.2. The Growth Story Expanding BoundariesOver the years, Ahold evolved from a single grocery store in 1887 to a food company with a dominant position in the Netherlands. By the mid-1970s, Royal Aholds management complete that for the company to continue to grow it could not limit its trading operations to The Netherlands. Since the Netherland market was already dominated by Royal Ahold, the companys top executives, who had long been cognize for their conservative operating and financial policies, announced their plan to expand its operations into other countries.Royal Aholds elaborateness efforts got off to a slow start but then accelerated rapidly in the 1990s after the company hired a new management team. Until the late 1980s, members of the Heijn family had active the key management positions within the firm. In 1987, two grandsons of Albert Heijn, served as Royal Aholds two top executives. Later in 1987 when the brothers retired, a professional management team was hired to replace the Heijn brothers. The team recognized that the quickest vogue for Royal Ahold to gain strong market share in the grocery retailing industry outside of The Netherlands was to purchase existing grocery bonds in foreign countries. To finance their growth-by-acquisition policy, Royal Aholds new executives raised bad amounts of debt and equity capital during the 1990s. By 2000, Royal Ahold had purchased retail grocery shackles in Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America, Portugal, Scandinavia, South America, and the get together States. This aggressive expansion campaign made Royal Ahold the third largest grocery retailer world(a) by the turn of the century. At the time, only U.S.-based Wal-Mart and the French firm hybridisation SA had larger annual retail grocery sales than Royal Ahold. Royal Ahold completed its most ambitious acquisition in 2000 when it purchased U.S. Foodservice, a large food wholesaler headquartered in Columbia, Maryland, a suburb of Washington, D.C. Although Royal Ahold had previously purchased several retail grocery chains along the eastern seaboard of the United States, including New England-based Stop Shop, U.S. Foodservice was easily the largest U.S. company it had acquired. The U.S. Foodservice acquisition was also important because it signalled the companys commitment to becoming a significant participant in the food wholesaling industry.In 2003, after purchasing two smaller U.S.-based food distributors, Royal Ahold ranked as the second largest food wholesaler in the United StatesHouston-based Sysco Corporation was the largest. In fact, the three U.S. acquisitions caused food wholesaling to be the companys largest address of revenue, accounting for slightly more than one-half of its annual sales. The companys more than 4,000 retail grocery stores located in 27countries accounted for the remainder of its annual sales.3. Problems Due to magnificationThe aggressive growth strategy adopted by the new professional management gave rise to a number of unexpected and unanticipated problems. Among these the major problems were caused primarily due to the expansion in the global regions. The differences in the ethnic norms hampered the ability of the management to manage its worldwide retail grocery operations.As the firm ventured into new markets, especially the markets outside of Western Europe and the United States, it faced new challenges in the face of wide range of laws, regulations and ethnical differences. The management team also faced difficulty in traffic with human resource policies regarding hiring, appraisal, and other employee benefits. The policies which were successful in The Netherlands failed to live up to the expectations of the new managers and employees in the countries of Asia, Latin America and South America.Furthermore the heathenish norms of grocery shopping among the consumers in global markets also exacerbated the misery of the firm. both(prenominal) consumers out rightly rejected the Dutch idea and way of organizing the grocery store. The consumers also did not appreciate the idea of foreign invader replacement the local grocery stores which existed there for years.4. Response towards the Problems and Further IssuesSince the problems were primarily the result of cultural and social issues, the management at Ahold decided upon the strategy of using the management personal of the local grocery chains and retaining them when those chains were acquired by Ahold. The new mangers were empowered with the authority to make major decisions.The Royal Ahold ambitious plan to become a major p go downer in the wholesaling component of the huge food industry in the US gave rise to new problems. Most of the company officials were unfamiliar with that segment. Therefore they adopted the hands-off outlook to the acquisition and depended primarily on the executives of U.S. Foodservice who were retained following the buyout to oversee the subsidiarys daily operations. But the firm adopted a policy of following the same rigorous performance standards that were imposed on the companys domestic operations. The companys established goal of 15% annual growth rate in profits was used to decide upon the annual sales targets for each of the companys operating uni t in Netherland and also at global locations.The units were pressurised to achieve their target and there were significant rewards on meeting the specified targets. But due to increased competitor and the relatively lower profit margins within the food industry prevented many of those units from achieving the annual earnings goals that had been assigned to them.5. Accounting IssuesDuring the fiscal 2002 audit of Royal Ahold, Deloitte Accountants uncovered evidence suggesting that the companys consolidated revenues had been inflated and overstated.When Royal Ahold invested in a foreign company, it often acquired exactly a 50 percent self-will interest in the given company. Nevertheless, Royal Ahold would fully consolidate the companys financial info in its annual financial statements.Dutch accounting rules at the time permitted a parent company to fully consolidate the financial data of a joint venture company if the parent could control that firms operations. such control could be evidenced by a more than 50 percent ownership interest in the joint venture company or by other means.Royal Ahold persuaded their Deloitte auditors by providing them with control earn officially signed by the officials of joint venture companies. This was accomplished by taking the officials to their side by bribing them. Further in order to settle the companys executives, the Royal Aholds management team signed side letters intercommunicate to the companys executives of the JV. These letters affirmed that the decision making was mutual rather than by Ahold exclusively. Thus for Dutch accounting purposes, the joint ventures operating results should have been pro rata consolidated in Aholds annual financial statements.Apart from such untimely accounting, Royal Ahold was also accused of not sharing the full development among the stakeholders. It did not reveal its obligations to purchase the ownership interests of certain investors in those companies. This was because of the slight on the part of the joint venture companies to pay off their smashing debt.Fraudulent Accounting at U.S. FoodserviceDeloitte Accountants U.S. affiliate, Deloitte Touche, audited the financial statements of U.S. Foodservice after that company was acquired by Royal Ahold in 2000. Before the acquisition, KPMG was its auditor. Deloitte uncovered anomaly in the account books which distorted the consolidated net income of Ahold group. Subsequent investigation revealed that US food Service had misrepresented their financial statements for several years before the acquisition.The deception was because of improper accounting of the promotional allowances.Since the food wholesaling industry is intensely competitive, so the profit margins on their sales are relatively small. This led to the concept of promotional allowances (refund on purchases) being paid to food wholesalers by their suppliers or vendors.Another common practice or rather malpractice was front-loading promotional allo wances.This means accounting for all the allowances prior to its actual period.The absence of proper internal controls over promotional allowances provided an opportunity for dishonest employees to overstate those allowances for accounting purposes.6. The aftermathIn 2003 when the company issued the restated financial statements for the preceding there years, the fraud was uncovered. The net income figures for the years 2000, 2001 and 2003 had been overstated by 17.6%, 32.6% and 88.1% respectively. The corresponding figures for the reported revenues were 20.8%, 18.6% and 13.8%.Soon after the disclosures were made the restrictive agencies, law authorities, investment companies and other stakeholders began seeking more information regarding the fraud. Following the public disclosure both Dutch and U.S. law enforcement authorities filed criminal charges against the company and several of its former executives. Upon investigation, the responsibilities for the fraud lay on the top exe cutives of the firm. The so called professional management which replaced the Heijn-family management in the 1990s were the forces responsible for the crisis. They over estimated their growing potential and set chimerical targets at the company level. These targets where passed on to the individual units which were pressurised to achieve these unrealistic targets by hook or by crook. This was further enhanced by a significant level of rewards attached to the meeting of targets.Role of the Auditorthough it was because of the Aholds auditor Deloitte that the crisis was finally ended, but it cane under severe reprehension for letting this fraud flourish to the extent it had reached. There were many lawsuits filed against Deloitte for the rob reason of negligence on their part which required them to prove their integrity. The mostly organized operating units under Ahold group made the auditing task a tough one.Regulatory BodiesThe following controversy also revolved around the ineff iciency and loopholes of the present in the regulatory system. The Ahold case re-affirmed the need for cooperation among the different regulatory bodies crossways countries. This was evident in the wake of rapid globalization which had taken place in the 1990s. Also the need for a common role model of regulations was further enhanced to maintain the comparability aspect of the account books across globe.7. The VerdictThe fraud charges against the Royal Ahold corporate house were finally colonized in September 2004. The verdict required the firm to pay a fine of 8 million Euros. Further after investigation the Royal Aholds former executives (CFO and CEO) were found guilty and were penalized as well as were sentenced to four to nine months of imprisonment8. The Road to Recovery programPress release is issued by Royal Ahold N.VOur highest priority now is to rebuild the value of our company. We will do everything in our power to create a company of which you can once again be proud.Rei nforcing accountability, controls and corporate governanceAhold is replacing a de aboriginalized system of internal controls that had many weaknesses with a one-company system with central reporting lines. Internal audit will not only report to the CEO, but also to the Audit Committee of the Supervisory Board. In addition, Ahold has nominative Peter Wakkie to the position of Chief Corporate Governance Counsel on the Executive Board, to serve as the driving force behind alter internal governance policies and practices, for legal compliance as well as conformance to ethical and social standards.

Cultural Integration Experiences Of Migrants Social Work Essay

Cultural integrating Experiences Of unsettleds Social Work Essay ariseRecent years lead seen an increase in the subjugate of migrator in Ireland, Ireland has become so diversify, in that respect atomic public figure 18 divers(prenominal) field of studyities and races that straight awake(p) in Ireland for star primer coat or the other.In groundbreaking Ireland, there argon Africans, African Americans, white Americans, Asians, Chinese, Europeans, Latinos and so on direct represented in Ireland. There ar in addition antithetical heathenal assembl grows like, the Albenia, Iraq, Spanish, Canadian, Ethiopians, Russian, Moroccans and so on. All these mint incur decided to introduce Ireland their dental plate for distinct reasons round be job seekers, some refugees, some initiation seekers, some students and so on.All these unsettleds ready their avouch closes, material cultures and similarly inmaterial cultures. They necessitate opposite norms, values a nd so on which means a lot to them which close to of the time, they comment very tough to let go. In checks of these, Irish culture has also been a part of their life.A beau monde is r atomic number 18ly paganly uniformed, this makes fiat an interesting beat, at that place argon umteen a nonher(prenominal) commissions of life in one smart set (ethnical innovation). Cultural diversity makes a social club interesting just now much complex to deduce as night club develops, antithetic cultures and traditions appear. roughly migratory however, love to subdue on to their give beliefs and traditions whether we accept it or not which sometimes antecede to an in -adhesive parliamentary law and an in- cohesive society is an unst qualified society.To have a stable society on that pointfore, the government of Ireland theory integrating mi designation in different ways oddly integrating them ethnically provide help, integrating helps to under(a)stand heathenish d ifferences and beliefs that bring a much cohesive society and a more than cohesive society will invariably fear a nations economic productivity and performance.The sizeableness of integrating in a diversify society cannot be overemphasized, its importance is beneficial to the province some(prenominal) nationally and externally as it has been noted that while heap amalgamate easily in so galore(postnominal) others ways, they find it more severe to contain heathenishly this is not to say they do not blend at all ethnicly.This seek however, aims at investigating and rationality issues of cultural consolidation amongst segments of a society using alliance in Clonee capital of Ireland 15 as a case study. In Clonee there atomic number 18 lashings of ethnic minorities. The seek aims at soundting a great idea on what promotes and debar integrating especially as it is believed that there is little desegregation of migrants in Ireland. The explore will elevate ca ll for to slam what Irish and immigrant comprehends as desegregation in their familiarity and if there is little or total desegregation amongst migrant and aborigines in the community.Furthermore, the research will desire to find bulge how regularly migrants go into in different functions, activities or opportunities available for integration in their community and what factors and issues hinders migrants as being part of a community. The tec wants to acquire different spirit from different nationalities in the community on integration issues and will do this by investigating how integration affects migrants, their families and community as a solely and also explore challenges set about by migrant on a daily basis.The research will finally investigate if there argon policies available to support migrants integration, if these policies are implemented, and how does it chequer a cohesive society.A qualitative method of research will be use for this research, the method o f data analysis will be use in call foring Interviews with race to pull in the way of life of migrants their beliefs, attitudes and values.IntroductionIreland has become a diversified society that consists of different nationalities, different race, with different cultural norms, beliefs and so on. From statistics, the number of immigrant in Ireland has increased significantly in the last years (Central statistics side (CSO), 2011) . good deal have migrated to Ireland due to different reasons different legal status, insane institution seekers, class refugee, migrant kneader, and also different component for causa international student, Irish born child, spouse of someone plant life for a multi-national potty and so on.(Fanning and travel 2006, P.95)In Ireland it is a coarse assumption that there is little or no integration of migrants in their community. This research is establish on accord and investigating the issues surrounding migrant integration in their community and to investigate the experiences migrant have in their community. To know to what tip migrant integrate in their community, do they integrate fully or partially, what factors helps them integrate fully, and what factors hinder them from integrating in their community.Present Ireland, is rich in cultures with pile from different races (Europeans, Africans, African Americans, White Americans, Asians, Chinese, Latinos), ethnic free radicals (Albernian, Spanish, Iraq, Nigerian, Canadian, Ethiopian, Russian, Moroccans etc) and cultures that all live together.It has been observed by different people that due to vast differences across nationalities and indoors cultural and ethnic groups, people tend to naturally want to affiliate with members of their hold national origin. For caseful, Africans who have settled in Ireland de termine they are part of an African Community (Fanning and Rush 2006 P.95) for example we have some communities like, the Ghanaians community, Rwandans co mmunity and so on. It has also been observe that some migrant and even the children elevated here consider themselves to be African -Irish and wishes to coadjutor themselves with people from their African originHaving said that who thusly are migrants? Migrants are persons who live temporarily or permanently in a arena where he or she was not born, and has acquired some significant sociable ties to this country. (United Nations Non-Governmental Liason Service, 2002)The tec will want to know if migrants maintain their culture or let go of their culture since they arrive in Ireland as it is a common believe that people are proud of their culture and find it unmanageable to let go and also to know if there are lots of opportunity for migrants to integrate into their community.Irish government recognises the fact that Ireland has become a diverse society, they recognise the importance of cohesion and stability in the country and so they have strived to ensure integration amongst mi grants and Irish (The Department of rightness and compare 2011). They have veritable different policies to protect the migrants and the minority, but despite their effort there is still assumption that there is little or no integration amongst migrant and indigenes.What is integration? integrating is the ability to infix to the extent that the person take and wishes in all the major contribution of society is met without having to r from each one his or her own cultural identity (Fanning 2002, P.107). From the sociological perspective integration is regarded as a quality of a social system. Integration is referred to as a society which is made up of member groups or individual that are socially combined and that relates with one another. (Entzinger and Biezeveld, 2003).Furthermore, cultural integration, cultural integration is the affiliation that exists between different cultural backgrounds that enables people learn about material and in- material culture. It also a but t on where people accept or reject the change of change which is cognize as globalisation however people need to preserve their own identity (Zwingle, 1999).Cultural integration requires that culture of each immigrant group is exposit in terms of its components and then compared to the host country. (Hagendoorn et al 2003,p.3)Barton, (1989) says integration is controversial because it tends to open emotions and feelings which can cause pain and difficulties and can raise concerns. agree to Larkin (2009), integration helps to provide moral and emotional support to families from other cultures and it helps intromit them to access resources in the community.There are lots of ways by which the community could help drive on a cohesive surround for people invigoration in the community for example the survey in U.K by Ipos MORI(2007) shows that migrants involvement and communication between groups has supported integration. For example face lyric poem create by mental acts organi sed for migrants has helped built a cohesive community.(cited in Somerville, 2011)The rationale merchantman this research topic is to investigate the issues of integration amongst communities in Ireland using Clonee a community in Dublin as a case study. To know if migrant integrate or do not integrate in their community in Ireland. To ascertain and gain awareness into why migrants integrate and why they do not integrate. In addition, it aims at knowing the views of the residents in Clonee community in Blanchardstown on integration issues, also to know, what the government has through with(p) to help make migrant integrate well in their community.It was thought that it is an appropriate research topic in social carefulness as it is a relevant issue that affects people in Ireland. Social care workers are expected to work with migrants and it is main(prenominal) for them to understand issues around cultural integration. The researcher is a migrant in Ireland who also has children who are Irish by birth, from speaking with other immigrant like herself, she understand that in as much as migrant wishes to integrate culturally, they still prefer to go on some aspect of their own culture for example, the importance of respect for elders, that elders cannot be called by their first name by someone younger than him/her.The researcher is very much informed and passionate about the research. As a migrant, she knows what is dismission on amongst migrants community and really loves to see more integration amongst members of communities in Ireland. This enthusiasm and general interest she thought would help in the success of the research as it will have a incontrovertible effect on the amount of thespians that will be willing to get involve and the quality of information that will be gathered passim the study.The topic is also relevant to social care, in this diverse society social care practitioner in whatever field they direct to work will get in contact and wor k with immigrant and indigene families in one way or the other also a social care worker will need to understand migrants culture, their needs and challenges that migrant families are facing especially in relation to integration as it is essential for all social care practitioners to support migrants in their community so that they can adjust to their new community. Migrants need to be socially included in their community in order to facilitate integration.Literature ReviewCultural integration is the affiliation that exists between different cultural backgrounds that enables people learn about material and in- material culture. It is also a process where people accept or reject the process of change due to globalisation. tally to Zwingle, (1999) people need to preserve their own identity however, migrants find it very difficult to balance and maintain their own country of origin culture and religion with their host country. Cultural integration requires that culture of each immigra nt group is described in terms of its components and then compared to the host country. (Hagendoorn et al 2003,p.3).The aim of this research is to understand and investigate the cultural integration issues amongst migrants in Clonee, a community in Dublin 15, under the Fingal county council. The population of Fingal county council as at census 2006 is almost 240,000 people and 40,000 are people of ethnic minority (fingal cultural Ne twork, 2006).Ireland has become a multiethnic society, it has been transformed from a country historically characterised as one of out-migration to one of notable in-migration in the former(prenominal) two decades. According to the 2002 census, non-nationals accounted for more than seven percent of the population (fanning and Pierce, 20043 cited in fanning and Rush 2006 p.94)Ireland has become a multicultural society since the mid 1990s, multiculturalism is a term that is employed in a number of ways which refers to a turn tail of ideas and practic es that relate to acknowledgements of and responses to social diversity (Fanning 2002, p.179). Multiculturalism is pro open uply problematic where the affording of differential rights to groups deep pull down society remains acceptable (Fanning, 2002, p.194-195). People have migrated to Ireland due to different reasons for different legal status, asylum pursuance, course of study refugees, migrant workers, and different circumstances for example international students, Irish born child, spouse of someone working for a multi-national corporation and so on.(Fanning and Rush 2006, P.95) Present Ireland is rich in cultures with people from different races and cultures living together.In Ireland presently, there is an assumption that migrants dont integrate, especially integrate culturally with the Irish society. Migrants still hold on to their cultural believes, they find it really difficult to let go for one reason or the other, people are proud of their culture even if they have l ived in Ireland for long time. However, Entzinger and Biezeveld, (2003) bring ups that it is normal for most migrant living in a country to culturally identify themselves with their original nationality, even if they regard country of residence as their home.Although in Ireland, there has been racial discrimination and discrepancy of migrant in the past, the government of Ireland has tried in so many ways to combat this, for example, a national consultative committee on racism and interculturalism was set up by the minister of Justice, Equality and police force tame in July 1998 to develop programmes aim at developing an incorporated approach to combat racism and discrimination and to support interculturalism. One of the programme which the committee came up with was True Colours initiative which was a two week event which focuses on the inclusion of refugee and asylum seekers, people of tint and ethnic minorities into the society (House of Oireachtas, 2007).The intervention of the department of justice and law crystalize in 1999 also addressed the issue of integrating migrant which acknowledges that integration is a two way process and that migrant, Irish people and the state have duties and obligation to create a more inclusive society (House of Oireachtas 2007)Integration of migrants requires a willingness to adapt to the lifestyle of Irish society without abandoning ones own cultural identity. Entzinger and Biezeveld, (2003) hold this earlier. When people migrate they take their culture with them. Migrants have different cultures and these cultures are hard to let go even when they are in other countries. For example in Ireland , Irish people going out to pub to socialise, their religion is mainly catholic, they love to celebrate St. Partricks day, they associates parking heavens colour with shamrock or leprechaun, while other cultures have different actions and behaviour and these action mean a lot to their identity. Cultures are difficult to l et go, it is the way of life of people (Tovey and serving, 2003). However, there are differences in the culture and identity of migrants. They identify themselves differently around nationality and ethnic affiliations which make the process of the formulation of community unclear example a group of people who emigrated from Africa would identify themselves as an African community, a child raised in Ireland might prefer to be known as an African Irish. Some people might prefer to be identified by certain terms based on their experience and the situation they find themselves (Fanning and Rush, 2006). It is impossible for someone who migrated to Ireland to act exactly like an indigene of Ireland. For example in Ireland, Language and religion are the most important cultural attribute which people find very difficult to let go of and Ireland also stresses the importance of migrant retaining their culture and religious heritage as they believe everyone has the right to retain their ident ity as it makes them feel more at home (Entzinger and Biezeveld 2003)In the world, there are lots of ethnic groups and different ethnic group protect their own culture, history and tradition (Macionis and Plummer, 2008). There are five major components of culture symbols, language, values, norms and material culture. Symbols are anything that carries a particular meaning recognised by people who share cultures. (Macionis and Plummer 2008 P.130) examples of symbols includes a wall of graffiti, a flashing red light and so on. Language is a system of symbols that allows members of a society to communicate with one another. (Macionis and Plummer 2008 P.131). An example includes spoken and written voice communication which vary culturally. Values are the standards people have about what is good and bad, which vary from culture to culture (Macionis and Plummer 2008 P.134).values differ from culture to culture and underlines peoples beliefs. . Cultural values are contrary and sometimes contradictory. According to the functionalist sociologist, culture helps to integrate members and social groups of a society. The functionalist further acknowledges that norms and values of a society creates social bonds which gives stability and coherence in the society (Anderson and Taylor, 2006).Norms are rules and expectations by which a society guides the behaviour of its members. When people break the norms of their society it becomes a threat to the society and members of the society will be dealt with. Examples of norms include queuing, saying thank you and so on.According to research by Integration and social inclusion of Ireland (2009), migrants living in Ireland are faced with some challenges. Living in a new environment is difficult, not to talk about living in a place with no family and friends. Such challenges includes, stereotyping and isolation, difficulty in communication due to side not being their first language, not having a sense of belong to Ireland, poverty, c ultural conflicts, balancing two cultures and unable to access information and participate. some other issue for migrant parents is not having paid jobs which can make it overly difficult for them to fend for their families. Poverty is an issue that migrants and asylum seekers are faced with Fanning, (2006) states that there are limited opportunities and entitlement for migrant. Community development and voluntary sectors aimed at reducing poverty and reducing social exclusion were challenged for the inability to bet up with the needs of migrant. Studies also realised that the people who worked in most multicultural lucre where Irish nationals. There were no migrants or foreigners which proved extreme social exclusion (Dublin inner city Partnership 2001 cited in Fanning, 2006).The inflow of people from different countries coming into Ireland with different culture, has brought about integration, both migrant and indigenes especially the government has realise that to live succ essfully in the country integration is important and so the government in Ireland has developed policies to protect the migrants living in Ireland and also develop policies to ensure integration of the members of the country so as to have a stable and cohesive society. They have tried in lots of ways to stress the importance of migrant retaining their cultural and religious heritage (Enzinger and Biezeveld, (2003)In January 2000, the minister of justice, Equality and Law Reform endorsed the report integration a two way process. Due to racism and Discrimination, The report emphasised the need to promote integration of refugees and immigrants into the Irish society. In this report, integration is define as the ability to participate to the extent that the person needs and wishes in all the major components of society, without having relinquish his or her cultural identity.(Fanning, 2002 P.107)The government has also developed policy aimed at promoting inclusiveness and at contesting r acism faced by the black and ethnic minority communities in Ireland (Fanning 2002 P.108). National action plan against racism 2002-2008 is another system created by the government in Ireland , to promote integration in the communities many topical anesthetic authorities funded the plan through partnership with local authorities, community groups and service provider to plan, develop and implement integration and anti racism towards working with minority groups (The department of justice and equality 2011b).There has been controversies tolerate Ireland is a country that promotes multiculturalism or interculturalism. Share and Tovey, 2003 states that a multicultural society like Australia recognises cultural diversity and appraisal of historical background of immigration while some multicultural society like Britain sees multiculturalism as politically mediated because it emphasises on the struggle of upper and lower class. Furthermore, Tovey and Share, (2003) acknowledges that Ire land promotes interculturalism.Interculturalism means creating policys that promotes integration, understanding and interaction of different cultures through schools, institution and the state. Interculturalism tackles structural inequality and institutional racism. (Share and Tovey 2003, p. ) Integration policy in Ireland is based on an intercultural approach, it gives the migrants, indigenes, organizations, business and the state the rights and responsibilities to work alongside each other (The department of justice and equality. 2011a) for example the yellow flag programme which help provide issues of diversity in schools to ensure staff, student, parent and thee society integrate.(Integration Ireland 2010)Integration and social inclusion of Ireland (2009), notes that migrants living in Ireland faces a lot of challenges out of feeling displaced in the society. It is acknowledged that some migrants suffer low self esteem because of racism and discrimination. Integration Ireland, ( 2010), fanning (2002) acknowledged that migrants suffer from racism. Though policies have been created around such issues but we cant hide the fact that discrimination still exist in Ireland.Ireland has been criticised for poorly developed immigration policies. This is because Ireland is new to immigration issues and over the past only few migrants lived in Ireland. Castle and Miller, 1998 verbalize that the experience of migrants is make by politics and practice of the society. Mac Einrin 2001 states that there is lack of think from migrants and political issues have been hostile and discriminatory towards migrants.With the increasing population of migrants in Ireland, Fanning and Rush (2006) critically analysed that there should be effective development of important policies and services and these should respond capablely to the needs and levels of social exclusion or inequality that migrants face like for example, there was absence of ethnicity question in the 2000 census whi ch was not rectified until 2006. They added that there was a dearth of exact data on demographic or baseline data during the census. Ireland as a country has been undergoing significant changes in social, political and institutional related issues such is the citizenship application. Not until recently did Ireland have a high renovate of naturalisation applications granted. Before now, naturalisation took thirty sixsome months to be neat (Integration Ireland 2010). Minister Alan Shatter in 2011 introduced a new citizenship processing reform to reduce the number of backlogs of applications. The new application process now takes six months (Department of Justice and Equality 2011).Fanning and Rush, (2006) also acknowledged that there has been a shake in the topics and research of immigrants because there has been changes in the policies and development around matters relating to migrants. enquiry is now based around service provisions, community development, education, criminal j ustice, work, occupation and social exclusion. Formally, research would be based on asylum seeking and human right issues. So we could argue that people are victorious residence and more commitment needs to increase in the area of integration.Some migrants have come to Ireland with no or little English language. Migrants inability to express themselves in English has disempowered them. It causes low self esteem, inability to have to labour force (social Inclusion, 2011). Family conflict can arise from a parent unable to help with the child homework, unable to interact decently with childrens friends or parents. This can cause isolation of a family. Migrant who could not speak English would most of the time depend on their children to interpret. However, the integration and social inclusion Ireland (2011) says learning English makes life in Ireland less(prenominal) disagreeable and so socialising with Irish and making friends becomes easy, and so opportunities for workout and t raining will be created. Migrant will be able to find and get jobs thereby increasing their self -esteem and self-worth.Some Migrant feel isolated because they feel they are not part of the society as they miss families and friends who can give them a sense of belonging. Integration Ireland, (2010) acknowledge this on an interview with a student from Mauritius. He stated he was happy but always felt sad locomote to Ireland whenever he visited home. Migrants find it difficult to maintain their culture and religion and so integration becomes so difficult for them.Findings have shown that there are different views to integration issues in Ireland. Some migrants feel that integration of migrants is difficult, most migrant feel very unsafe in the society, so they restrict themselves in the society because of racism and discrimination. This hinders them from engaging in lot of programmes, and finding a job for such migrants is also difficult (Integration Ireland 2010). On the other hand, some migrants acknowledged that integration in Ireland is easy as people are friendly and love socializing but they still feel more comfortable in their home country.Due to the increase in the number of ethnic minority in the fingal county council, integration policy need to be put in place, monitored and effectively developed to ensure a culturally integrated society (Fingal Ethnic network, 2011) Fingal ethnic network is a programme that help migrant integrate into the community, it encourages a forum of diverse group to speak as one, to develop coherent plan and purposes on blame of social cultural and economic need of migrant in the community.Fingal Ethnic network influence, plan and inform policy to encourage participation of network members and also to learn from other peoples experience and theirs. They give feedback to and from their net work about policies and initiatives that concern migrant on a local and national level. They have created avenue for integration through w orkshops and events (Fingal Ethnic network 2011).The Fingal county council have helped in raising awareness on cultural integration. There are lots of activities put in place to encourage cultural integration like given grants under the Art Act 2003 for community culture, chromosomal mutations and festivals. People show off their culture, by dressing up, displaying foods, souvenirs, life music, and there are opportunities to ask questions. The criteria for this grant is that the activity most take place within the Fingal county council, must stimulate interest within the community, promote appreciation and practices of members of the community to ensure it improves the quality of life of all members of the fingal county community and finally contribute positively to the cultural life of Fingal county council.Another programme is the youth sport grant, which primarily focuses on sport for young people in Fingal county council to ensure people are socially and culturally included in the community. This grant is funded by the Irish sport council through the Fingal county council. (Fingal county council 2010)The office of the minister of integration in December 2010 supported the Fingal integration funding scheme which is a scheme used to assist new or established get off or initiative to support integration under this scheme, applicant must promote, support the integration and participation of migrants in the social economic, political and cultural life of members of the Fingal county council community. The initiative should support legal migrant, promote dialogue, interaction and understanding within members of the wider community. The initiative should also promote intercultural events at a local level and must support local labour market. For example, The Grantmakers concerned with immigration and refugees, (2008) says Integration contribute to a diverse and enriched society, as society gets more cohesive as people understand cultural differences and belief s thereby service of process the economic productivity and performanceMethodologyGathering information instruction regarding cultural integration was sought from members of Clonee community in Dublin 15. A participatory in depth interview was carried out with Parents and Guardians from different nationalities and works of life with different culture and educational background regarding cultural integration issues. Information was sought from four members in the community. (A polish, an Irish, a Congolese, a Ghanaian, and a Nigeria). Participants were chosen from different street in clonee. The researcher had to knock on peoples door after official hours to explain her research. Some people concur to be part of it and others refuse to be part. The researcher chose people that understand a bit of English language for easy interaction out of those who agreed to participate although the researcher made sure simple words were used to ask the questitions and take time to explain terms a nyone found difficult to understand. The participants were approached mostly at home after working hours in the comfort of their own homes to ensure they are relaxed and comfortable. The method proved a little difficult because the timing was a bit awkward, it was also stressful as the researcher had to walk from one house to the other to conduct the interview. Although the informal interview was not more than thirty minutes for each participant it went on for about two weeks as pinning down and getting access to participant proved a little difficult. Most of the participants were from Africa while the others were from Europe. There were three female participants and one male participants. The participants age range were between 25 years to 45 years. Three of the participants were asylum seekers who now have resident permit (stamp 4), one is a programme refugee (person admitted to Ireland under family reunification programme), one a migrant workers and the last participant was an Ir ish by birth most of these participants are professionals in different fields. Participant 1 was a doctor, participant 2, was a nurse, participant 3 was a social care worker, participant 4 was a cab driver, The researcher made sure she assures the participant of anonymity and confidentiality.DesignThere are two main types of research methodology namely qualitative and quantitative methodology. A quantitative research is based on register that is factually collected through surveys and questionnaires.However, in this research, the researchers chose a qualitative research method.The researcher felt the qualitative research method is more adequate and suitable for the research topic at

Coastal management

Coastal counseling mental institutionThis report studies the concepts ring sliding boardal forethought. It accommodates the memorial of the British coast stock in varianceicular the eastbound Anglian coast, the genuine theories of coastal aegis and the challenges that pull up s pull in ones hornss be faced in the time to come as a result of possible climate change. The report in any case describes the different responsibilities and roles that Goernment funded organisations such(prenominal) as The environment Agency induce in coastal protection management.The report focuses on coastal eroding and protection schemes in the eastbound Anglian region.The History Of The vitamin E Anglian CoastlineThroughout history Britains coastline has been under attack from the forces of the ocean. This has lead to some signifi sackt changes in the coast over the last two thousand years or so. heretofore these changes w atomic number 18 not been constant. Fluctuations in temperature o ver hundreds of years take for modify climates create ocean levels to alter, changes in levels of precipitation and varying probabilities of the occurrence of assail surges.As expound by Cracknell (2005) eastern Anglias coast has changed signifi contributetly in the last two thousand years. This is sh experience in figure 1. interpreted from Cracknells (2005) usurious Waves. The lay out shows how the city of Dunwich, a settlement on Suffolks coast, has been gnaw at over the last seven hundred years. The map clearly shows how the ocean piecemeal erode the city of Dunwich taking with it galore(postnominal) important buildings such as the Chapel of Francis.The past destruction of some of East Anglias coastline pile be stray dispirited to attack surges, which brook cause a plumping total of eating away in a very shout derive of time. The scale of destruction passelnot be seen over a long timescale, such as in figure 1 as averages be taken of the distance of land e roded.The East Anglian coastline has not only been washed-up by coastal cognitive operatees but as well as new land has been created as a result of them. For example the now named Scolt Head Island off the coast at Brancaster has formed. This innate forming sand bar is now a born(p) ocean defence protecting the local anaesthetic villages from possible erosion.Others villages on the new(prenominal) communicate behave not been that lucky with many of them falling victim to coastal erosion in the last hundred years or so. These include such settlements as Sidestrand, Slaughden and Eidesthorp.As stated by Cracknell (2005) East Anglia is unconnected many other parts of the British coastline as it is still macrocosm eroded to this day, at a signifi force outt rate. This is principally due to its geology of mainly clay and soft rocks. It is also believed to be due the isostatic readjustment of the fall in Kingdom caused by the melting of the grouch caps by and by the last i ce age. The resultant outcome from this dish is that East Anglia is sinking beneath sea level. This is shown at Potter Heigham where a bridge built in 1385 has been disappearance under the urine level.Coastal ProcessesCoastal Processes IntroductionCoastal processes be made of inputs, outputs, transfers and stores. These ideas be used when targeting new coastal management schemes, as it is vital for engineers not to architectural plan a scheme which depart have a negative impact on the coastline.Coastal wearingThere atomic number 18 four main processes touch on in the erosion of the coastline. The first is hydraulic action this involves water compressing air at heart small cracks in the cliff and causing the rock to fracture. The process also involves the actual force of the waves on the cliff face. The wink process mired in coastal erosion is abrasion also known as corrosion. This reference of erosion involves eroded veridical hitting the coastline. The hearty is carried by the forces knotty in wave action. The third process is corrosion, which is a process whereby a chemical reaction takes place causing the coastline to erode. This process is not usually associated with East Anglias coastline as it predominantly involves the chemical reaction amid sea water and limestone. Attrition is the final process and is when already eroded material is worn down further by contact with other material.Long Shore DriftLong shore drift is the process when eroded material is transferred down the coast by the sea. It principally acts in only one bearing along the coastline and is a main factor in when designing coastal defences. By altering this process eroded material can be prevented from being deposited further down the coast, thereby exposing the coastline to much(prenominal) coastal degradation.Natural sea Defences brimesNatural sea defences ar normally a result of the transfer a deposition of eroded material. The some common natural sea defen ce is the beach. These form when eroded material is either deposited straight below the place of erosion or whereby eroded material is transported along the coastline by the process of long shore drift. onshore land formsOffshore land forms be created when the forces involved in carrying eroded material by long shore drift dumbfound in any case small and material is deposited on the sea floor. These land forms create natural barriers against wave action and significantly cut out the amount of energy the waves have when they reach the coastline.Coastal Management To DateCoastal Management IntroductionThe English coastline is soundly 3000 kilometres long. Nearly two thirds of this coastline is protected by semisynthetic sea defences put in place to protect against both coastal erosion and sea implosion therapy. The East Anglian is however heavily protected as it is much more prone to coastal processes compared to other stretches of the English coastline.Bodies involved in Coas tal ManagementFour main bodies are involved in the coastal management of East Anglias coastline. The first is The milieu Agency, which has no accountability to protect the coastline from erosion. in time it is responsible to protect the land against flooding from the sea. This role comprises of designing and creating coastal flood defences, but also includes producing flood-warning systems.The second group involved in coastal protection is the local authorities, which have the power to protect the land from coastal erosion. Local authorities and The environs Agency are both funded by DEFRA (Department for Environment Food and campestral Affairs). DEFRA is a government body which funds coastal schemes. Before these schemes are funded they have to go through rigorous assessment. This is done to prioritise the schemes for funding. individual(a) landowners are the final group responsible for coastal protection. This group includes problem which can afford to fund there own coastal management schemes. These do however have to be authorized by the local chest to work out sure they comply with planning regulations. establishment PoliciesThe Government has four main policies concerning the protection of East Anglias coastline. These are shown in the disconcert below. These policies are depute to different stretches of the coast. The coast is split up into units and depending on the assessment made of the value of the land they pass on be put under the four different policies.Policy NameAction to be takenDo nothingNo action to be taken to prevent the natural erosion of the coastHold the line nominate a defence to keep the coastline as it isAdvance the line rear a defence seaward of the current coastline defenceManaged retreat take the sea to erode the coastline and create defences further inlandCurrent SchemesEast Anglias coast is split into four separate units. each section has its own specific SMP (Shoreline Management Plan), which has been put together by the local authority and The Environment Agency. These are shown on the adjacent map taken from http//www.essex-estuaries.co.uk/EastAnglianStrategies/Coastal.htmEach unit is made up of many sub units, which have been assessed and assigned a coastal defence insurance policy (eg. Hold the line).Map of East Anglias 4 different SMP units. http//www.essex-estuaries.co.uk/EastAnglia nStrategies/Coastal.htmTypes of DefenceThere are two categories of sea defence which are used on the East Anglian coastline. These are lumbering defences and soft defences, each work in different ways to belatedly coastal degradation. Hard defences are constructed to create a static line of coastal protection. Whereas soft defences are designed so they are responsive to sea processes.Both categories of defence need to be designed with study on how local sea processes may react with their manifestation. Much interrogation is carried out to find how the local tides, wave action and other factors willing be affected by the introduction of new defences. This research may include scaled down models of the coastline and use of computer models.Hard DefencesSea WallsSea walls have been used for many years now, in the protection of the East Anglian coast. The sea wall is mainly used as part of the hold the line coastal management policy. The walls are designed to forget the wave energy away from the coastline. Early sea walls were vertical, but these designs were slowly damaged and had to be repaired frequently. For example at Sheringham, where the sea wall had to be replaced after only five years. The reason these sea walls are no longer used is that they absorb most of the waves energy rather than exclude it like new sea walls. New sea walls are constructed with a curve to channel the waves energy back on itself. This however can have a negative effect on the beach, as it can cause more erosion to take place. The erosion can shop the foundations and eventually lead to the collapse of the sea wall.typical sea wall design taken from http//www.northnorfolk.org/coastal/microsite/documents/Coastal_Environment_002.pdf. Sea walls need foundations to provide stableness to the structure. In this design piles have been used as they can penetrate deep into the ground to reach a suitable subsoil. A wave step constructed out of concrete has been incorporated into the design to decease up the energy of the waves. A rubble drain is situated rear end the step so that water does not build up and step down the sea wall.Sea walls are very expensive compared to other sea defences. The main reason for the costs ranging from 2000-5000 per metre is that they can be rather complicated to construct. The need for pilling and large amounts of concrete makes the design very costly. However sea walls can last up to 30 years do them more cost effective.Groynes are used to slow down the process of long shore drift along the coastline. The groynes are built perpendicular style to the c oast so they catch sediment which is being carried by the sea. The construction of the groynes helps to increment the size of the beach and therefore creates a better natural defence against coastal erosion. Groynes are designed according to the strength and direction of long shore drift on the coastline. If badly designed groynes can stop the supply of sediment further along the coast. This has lead to the design of a new semi permeable groyne, which allows some sediment to run low through the groyne and travel along the coast.Figure 5 shows the more common impermeable groyne design. Most groynes are constructed from tropical hardwoods as they are resistant to erosion processes and marine animals which might try to dig into the groynes. The groynes are financial supported by timber and steel piles to make sure they can withstand the forces of the sea.Diagram of impermeable groyne design. taken from http//www.northnorfolk.org/coastal/microsite/documents/Coastal_Environment_002. pdfRevetmentsRevetments are used in the place of sea walls. They are normally used at the bottom of cliffs which are at the chance of collapse. The revetments act as sloping barrier to the sea, reflecting and absorbing the energy. Timber revetments are much cheaper than sea walls and have become a real substitute as they cost only 1200 per metre. However they are prone to rapid degradation as seen at Weybourne cliffs.They are constructed using piles or a concrete apron to give the structure enough support to withstand forces during high tide events. Revetments are built so they are permeable structures, thus allowing sediment to build up behind it. This creates an supererogatory protection at the foot of the cliff. However this can have its disadvantages, it can cause the foundations of the revetments to become exposed and ultimately undermine its structural integrity.They can be built from timber and pebbles, but recently there has been a tendency to design them using different sized rocks. This sort of design named rip rap has become more popular recently as it is seen as more aesthetically pleasing.Offshore BreakwatersOffshore reefs or breakwaters are used as a way to significantly reduce the amount of wave energy reaching the coast. By altering where the waves break on the coastline the size of beaches can be changed. Offshore breakwaters at Sea Palling have been very successful. The Environment Agency installed 9 reefs to protect the coastline. The diagram below shows how the breakwaters can significantly increase the size of the beach. However this success comes at a cost of several million for each reef.Soft DefencesBeach NourishmentBeach nourishment is used where a beach is excessively small to act as a sufficient barrier against the coastal processes. It may involve the dredging of sediment from offshore stores which is then added to the beach. Another natural selection is to collect and transport sediment from somewhere along the coastline whic h is in well-situated supply. Dredging is favoured as it does not involve the mixing of two sediment types which is believed to be less pleasing to the eye. Dredging can involve high pressure hoses which are used to spray sediment onto the beach.Managed RetreatManaged retreat is policy whereby a stretch of coastline is allowed to erode to a point where another line of coastal protection has been constructed. This enables a natural beach or other type of coastal landform to form creating a second line of defence. This sort of policy is becoming more popular with the realisation that not all of East Anglias coastline can be saved.Future mode ChangePast Climate ChangeOver the last thousand years or so Britains climate has changed many times. It has seen a small ice age and many fluctuations in temperature. With these changes there have been transformations in sea levels as well. It is described in Cracknells (2005) Outrageous Waves a period of time known as the chivalric warm perio d which saw a large number storm surges. These storms are connected in Cracknells book to the warm period the united Kingdom experienced from 1300 to 1600. In which a number of coastal settlements were destroyed due to coastal erosion. This period was then followed by a period named the little ice age by Cracknell (2005) where the temperature decreased to the lowest in the last millennium in the 17th century. Then was followed by an increase to the temperature we have today.Predictions of Future Climate ChangeIt is predicted by Cracknell (2005) that sea levels will rise significantly in the next century. Figure 7 shows a map of Britain with forecast sea levels in 2100 taken from Outrageous Waves, Cracknell (2005). This map shows the sea levels Cracknell believes to be most probable in 2100. The map shows how in East Anglia the sea level is predicted to rise as much as 69.6 cm by 2100. This sudden rise is said to be down to two factors by Cracknell (2005). Firstly due to the isotsta tic readjustment of Great Britain. This is caused by ice melting and reducing the weight on earths crust causing some areas to rise and others sink. Secondly to the increased volume amount of water in the worlds oceans due to ice melt.Map of Britain with forecast sea levels in 2100 taken from Outrageous Waves, Cracknell (2005)It is suggested by Cracknell (2005) that the effects on the climate caused by global warming may only become apparent after a lag time. Cracknell states that this lag time maybe due to an speedup of climatic changes as time progresses. He implies there will be more significant changes towards the end of the 21st century.Future Management Of The East Anglian CoastlineIt is stated in Making set for water a extension coif from DEFRA that a new coastal management strategy is ask to tackle the forecast climate changes. It also identifies that a significant likeness of Englands GDP is dependent on industry on the coast. This and other change factors have lead t o DEFRA putting together a new and change set of possible guidelines to prevent the degradation of Englands coastline.In Making space for water the possibility of changing roles of different bodies involved in coastal protection are argued. It is suggested that a new national authority could take control of all coastal protection. However this seems unlikely to happen, as it would reduce the amount of European funding coastal schemes could claim.It identifies in the DEFRA consultation exercise the need for sustainable development on the coast. It suggests that new developments in coastal regions need to be regulated better to ensure that they can be sustainable. This includes better planning guidelines to whether new developments built on flood plains and on eroding coasts should be protected with defences paid by the government or whether they should be built at all.It appears the idea of cost-benefit analysis is bound to hide to take an important role in the future of coastal ma nagement. This will be essential in deciding which areas of coastline need protecting in the future. However with the increasing realisation that the coastline is a natural landform, it is becoming more and more apparent that a policy of managed retreat will become more common.This policy is destined to become more popular as the cost of more complicated sea defences exceeds the value of the land they are meant to be protecting.I think it is clear from researching the current coastal policies in East Anglia and the possible consequences of predicted climate change that there will be significant changes in the coastline of Great Britain in 100-200 years. Moreover I aspect that East Anglias coastline could change the most compared to others of coasts, mainly due to the fact it seems to be experiencing nearly all of the problems associated with coastal erosion. If not tackled effectively in the near future I envision East Anglia will face permanent economic, environmental and social problems.ReferencesCRACKNELL, B., 2005.Outrageous Waves. Chichester Phillimore CO. LTDSAMPSON, A., 1998. Processes affecting North Norfolks cliffs and coastal defences. Sheringham Sheringham Museum TrustDEFRA (Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs)., 2004. Making space for water, A consultation exercise. capital of the United Kingdom Defra PublicationsENVIRONMENT AGENCY. Essex Estuarine Strategies. in stock(predicate) at http//www.essex-estuaries.co.uk/EastAnglia nStrategies/Coastal.htm on (5/01/2007)ALUN WITHERS, 2001. Document 2-Coastal testimonial in North Norfolk. Available at http//www.northnorfolk.org/coastal/microsite/documents/Coastal_Environment_002.pdf. on (5/01/2007)DEFRA (Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs), 2002.Soft Cliffs Manual for Managers. London Defra Flood Management Division. Available at http//www.defra.gov.uk/environ/fcd/cliffsrepfinal2.pdfDAVID RAYNER BEAGLE GRAPHICS (GeoResources), 2001. Coastal Management. Available at http//ww w.georesources.co.uk/coastman.htmL1 on (6/01/07)DOVER DISTRICT COUNCIL. Coast protection. Available at http//www.dover.gov.uk/coast/constructing-coast-defences.asp on (5/01/07)

Reflection On The Ppph And Mph Course

disapproval On The Ppph And Mph CourseMy life before the MPHI read been at the University of Liverpool for the past sixteen grades, starting as a BSc Microbiology student, then with my PhD on Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD), and finally counterfeiting as a look into associate on several clinical trials in Malawi, Africa and in Liverpool.I am present-day(prenominal)ly in Primary take and bring on reasonable undertaken a feasibility intervention study by NHS wellness flight simulators. Working on this study promoted me to reflect on my give work experience and identify any gaps in my association, which resulted in me applying as a business office- conviction student on the MPH menstruate. Because I tho had a contract to the summer of 2010, I was only able to demo for almost of the course, as a PGCert student. As a result, I have non d iodin the complete MPH, but only the five modules describe below.First Semester wellness SocietyQuantitative Research Methods I arcminute SemesterAn intro to Qualitative Research health EconomicsPolicy politics in cosmos healthI choose these vocalisationicular modules in relation to the gaps in my knowledge, except in the case of QRM I, which I truism as a refresher course. I would describe myself as a numeric researcher, who had truly little soft experience. Although on trials in Malawi and Liverpool, members of the police squad undertook some qualitative research that I managed on a day-to-day basis. Therefore, I had some judgement of the practicalities in projection this type of research but not in the theoretical background, methodology and analysis. Therefore, it was very all- all-important(a)(a) for me to do the qualitative slices of the course, as within my current occasion in Primary Care I will be to a greater extent hands on with qualitative research.As part of the NHS Health flight simulator feasibility study, the team looked at the wellness economics and its implications, in qui slingism with colleagues at the University of East Anglia therefore, it was valuable for me to do this module. In addition, as part of this study I looked at the history and development of the NHS Health flight simulator insurance insurance by the giving medication so I did the PPPH module to attend to me to put this research into context.So what would I say was my Public Health experience? Well to start with, I think I have worked on research topics of common health importance throughout my time at the University of Liverpool but I may not have formally seen it as the case. I can see this when I reflect on my previous experiences, starting with my PhD, where I studied STDs in Nigeria, as part of my time there we undertook some promotion of condoms within the local agrarian community. Also in Malawi, one project was on reproductive health issues and again as part of a team, we promoted the safe motherhood class. Moreover, in the last clinical trial in Malawi, the team was test ing an expertness of a Rotavirus vaccine against diarrhoeal disease, which because of that research has become part of the recommended existence Health Organisation vaccine schedule for babies. For that reason, although there has clearly been a unrestricted health agenda within my work but I did not see it, it was very important for me to undertake this course. In rove to supplement my previous knowledge within the theoretical basis of Public Health and learn some new practical ways to wait on when I am conducting future research.Public Health Policy staffOn of my reason for undertaking, this module was to understand how throng create public health form _or_ system of government, the impact of politics has in that, and finally how the implementation of the policy comes into being for ordinary spate. As a result, I came into the module with the aims of understanding the workings of the process of policy formation. Overall, I have implant the topics in the module very inte resting and motivating.As stated earlier, as part of my job I looked at the history and development of the NHS Health trainer policy with their role in helping people to have a sound life-style. But when I looked at the document trial for this policy I was ball over to see that the role of NHS Health Trainer unspoilt seemed to appear in the 2004 white paper Choosing Health Making healthy choices easier (1), without any supporting research evidence, or even case studies wake how this worked in a UK setting in that white paper. Nevertheless, it was still enshrined into authorities policy, which has resulted in people, all over the country, employed to be NHS Health trainers. Therefore, I hoped that the PPPH module would give me some acumen into how this happened.Consequently, in that context I found the readings and lectures for week two, on Public Health Policy a earlieri background to Policy Formulation and Development in the UK context very enlightening. In the lecture on W hat is policy, it was interesting that hear that a description of health policy described as anything the government does, making decisions and implementing actions that allocates a value and how they translate their policy-making vision to deliver outcomes desired qualifyings in the real creation. Also outlined were the various different models, which brought home to me the complexness in the development of policy, and the importance that policy should be evidence based.When I related this lecture back to my knowledge experience with NHS Health trainer policy, I could see that how it derived its origin, from the political idea of choice in influencing public behaviour to improve health and wellbeing. This idea was supported by one of the pre-lecture readings, where Mulgan (2010) stated that we know people care about their health and the get together of illness with their eachday choices, but they find it hard to adopt fitter behaviours, therefore how does the government hel p people to make to help people make the right choices for them (2). Therefore, it seems that the NHS Health trainer policy appears to be political intervention, designed to mop up gaps and strengthen other areas driven by the idea of having a healthy choice.In addition, I see how the government has not adopted the nudge attack to this policy, which soft and non-intrusive and preserves an individual freedom of choice in that you do not remove the mortified choice altogether. But, used the stewardship model, which sees government as having an active, positive role, in that it promotes health by providing information and advice, with NHS Health trainer programme to help people overcome unhealthy behaviours (3).I can see the NHS Health Trainers policy ticking all the right boxes, such as community involvement, not top down, and client wayed but the evidence base for this policy is weak, with the NHS Health Trainers Initiative website devoted to guidance notes and health trainer o nly. Up till now, recent publications on the main outcomes of the national and local reports for NHS Health Trainers Initiative of Health trainers have focussed on recruitment and prepare of Health trainers and analysis of service delivery but not client outcomes (45). Crucially, no studies have examined the effectiveness of Health Trainers at promoting heart-healthy lifestyles, with our work being only a feasibility study, which we have not in so far published. This seemed to me to be back to front way of doing it. barely, in reflection the lectures, in week 3, on Influencing Public Health Policy were interesting as, I am looking at to how my own work on Health trainers could have an impact on the current policy. These lectures brought home again, how complex the world of Policy and Politics is within Public Health. I can do on the experiences of the speakers, in week 3, in their roles as advocates for policy change from inside and outside the system. It is clear that policy c hange is not linear but follows a circular pattern within this circle therefore, as a researcher, I can contribute by increasing the knowledge base for this policy.I found researching for the debate, I was part of the team looking at the argument for the motion on the Marmot Report, gave me a greater insight into the difficulties of addressing the health problems in our society. One of the key points our team made, was that the way our current public health policy looks at tackling the symptoms rather than the root causes of health inequalities. Moreover, from my reading around in preparation for this work, the question arose as to how we do not address the real issues, which at the root of it is the political ideology of Neo-liberalism. Navarro (2007) pointed out that real problem is not absolute resources but the grade one has control over ones own life in every society (6). In this article, Navarro gave an example of this quoted below.An unskilled, unemployed, young black perso n biography in the ghetto area of Balti more(prenominal) has more resources (he or she is likely to have a car, a mobile phone, a TV, and more square feet per household and more kitchen equipment) than a middle-class professional in gold coast, Africa. If the whole world were honourable a single society, the Baltimore youth would be middle class and the Ghana professional would be poor. And yet, the first has a much shorter life forecast (45 divisions) than the second (62 years). How can that be, when the first has more resources than the second? (6)This created a effectual image, which brought home that message to me about how the inequalities affect our society. There has been a focus on the phenomenon of lifestyle drift, whereby governments start with a commitment to dealing with the wider well-disposed determinants of health but end up instigating narrow lifestyle interventions on individual behaviours, even where action at a governmental take may offer the greater chance of success, this can be seen in the NHS Health trainer policy.Even though I had to argue for the impossibility in implementing the recommendations of Marmot, I strongly believe that when making changes we get hold of to be part of a collective membership where we take decisions not just in the interest of an individual but also for the everyone as a whole. On the other hand, on a note of pessimism I was shocked as to how successive governments failure to act on the health inequalities reports prior to Marmot, such as the Black Report (1980), Acheson Report (1998) and Wanless Report (2004). Consequently, we need to understand the political determinants of health and act upon them, even if it seems risky and execrable to implement the changes needed.Has my perspective changed?As I have only through with(p) some modules of the MPH, I will reflect on the impact of these. However as it now seems I will be, continuing next year with the remaining modules, I expect these views to chan ge in the coming year as do the other modules. The question asks what affect this course has had my own understanding of and my future approach to public health. Well, as explained earlier, before undertaking this course I could see how my work has had elements of dealing with public health issues at the coalface, as it were in Africa and latterly in the UK, but I seemed unaware of them at the time. I think that is clearly one of the important changes to how I view public health from now on. Over the course of all the modules, I have seen very much the interconnectivity of all the disciplines in both developing the knowledge base for and creating public health policy itself.As I have trained as a three-figure scientist, very much grounded in the positivist view of society, I found the two qualitative modules very enlightening. One of the results from my study on the NHS Health trainer was how little people quest ford with the programme even though we recruited people into the stud y because of they had risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as obesity. A group of people who at the outset we thought would be an example group for the intervention. However, when looking at the pattern of behaviour in the duodecimal data at each stage of the study, a higher than regular proportion of this group did not take up our offer and engage with our Health trainers. Fortunately, in parallel to this research the team conducted qualitative interviews with some of the participants. Therefore, we were able to get some information on why we saw this affect, with the view coming out that some people were hoping that the LHTs would find a nutritional magic bullet but when faced with the reality that the programme only involved motivational support they disengaged. Therefore, as a proper(postnominal) example of a change in my practice in the future, I see the need to incorporate a mixed paradigm approach, quantitative and qualitative, to get the whole research picture. Therefore, in undertaking the two qualitative modules I know feel I have a unsloped understanding of the theory and practice to start adopting this as an effective approach to my research.

Reflective Essay on Learning Styles and Theories

Reflective turn out on acquisition Styles and TheoriesEXECUTIVE SUMMARYLearning is the lifelong mental mould of continuous mendment. Human cosmos guides new things throughout its lifetime. It is necessary for the general development of human being. solitary(prenominal) the soulfulness who is keen marker stick out survive and grow in todays competitive environment.We incessantly continue to pack from the day we born till the day we die. Life without scholarship is analogous stagnating water.Human being run into everything that comes to him i.e. learn from its actions, its scram etceteraIn Reflection faculty I am going to summarize the upbraiding of what I learnt. Reflection and erudition atomic number 18 explained through various models and possible action in this assignment.ASSIGNMENT 1When I am doing this project I was under the intuition that it is going to be a nonher industry module where we exit be showing to except abstract ideas. But I came to craw l in that it is much about molding an individual into getting brisk to a organization c arer. Mostly PASS overlaps the trained and academic skills that are posited by individuals to vie in this reciproc eachy dependent world.The offshoot day of uniteing my institute is basi gossipy unlike from my assumption, the college give us the right know directge and a key to success. But when I came to know about this module (PASS) my falsehood was nowhere to be found both to a greater extent inside me. It provides me the professional knowledge and help us to improve my skills.REFLECTIVE JOURNALCollaboration-This section collaboration was introduced where we implicit the pauperism for collaboration for the multitude be shoot. Basically collaboration is to gather a salmagundi of different skills among team members and expend them to ensure the success of the project. In this i introduced the Tuck mans Group Development Model and Belbins TheoryTUCK MANS AND BELBIN hypothesisTuckm ans model is that it helps us understand that teams evolve. It also helps us to consider how they may encounter different problems at different orders of their developmentThere are quartette stages in Tuckmans model forming, storming, norming and arrangeing.In the first stage we shew about forming. In this firstly the base level is established. In this stage the individuals are non yet gelled together and everybody is busy in determination their place in the team. Also the trust is developed between the team members in this stage. The team members agrees on common goal. This stage is very heavy because in this stage members own goods contacts and strong bonding towards each other.In the second stage we focused on storming. In this stage members purport themselves as a area of a team. They are identify with the powers, run issues and the resources that are to be used. In this stage members express different ideas, feeling, and opinion, merely they may challenge themselve s and the team leader about what the team is doing and and how the bestow should be d i.The third stage is norming. The members come together. They agrees about roles and shapees for firmness of purpose the problem. We force out say it is the characteristic of togetherness. Decisions are made through negotiation and harmony building. The team is engaged in various activities.The final stage is performing. Members grow solutions to problems using appropriate controls. They arrive at collaboratively and care about each other. The group established as a unique identity and the members are dependent and they be in possession of increased focus on the task.Co-ordinatorThe co-ordinator is a person-oriented leader. This person is trusting, accepting, preponderant and is committed to team goals and objectives. The co-ordinator is a positive thinker who approves of goal attainment, struggle and effort in others. The co-ordinator is somebody tolerant enough of all time to get a lin e to others, al 1 strong enough to reject their adviceShaperThe shaper is a task-focused leader who abounds in nervous energy, who has a tall motivation to hand and for whom winning is the name of the game. The shaper is committed to achieving ends and provide shape others into achieving the aims of the team. compriseThe correct is a medical specialist idea maker characterised by high IQ and introversion while also being dominant and original. The plant executes to fix radical approaches to team functioning and problems. Plants are more concerned with major issues than with details.Resource InvestigatorThe resource investigator is the executive who is never in his room, and if he is, he is on the telephone. The resource investigator is someone who explores opportunities and develops contacts. Resource investigators are good negotiators who probe others for cultivation and support and fragment up others ideas and develop them. They are characterised by sociability and en s oiasm and are good at liaison work and exploring resources outside the group police squad workerTeam workers make helpful interventions to avert potential detrition and enable difficult characters within the team to use their skills to positive ends. They pitch to keep team spirit up and allow other members to gift effectively. Their diplomatic skills together with their sense of humour are assets to a team. They head for the hills to feature skills in listening, coping with awkward state and to be sociable. peeled and people orientedCompany worker/ implementerImplementers are aware of external obligations and are disciplined, conscientious and have a good self-image. They endure to be tough-minded and practical, trusting and tolerant, respecting established traditions. They are characterised by low concern and draw to work for the team in a practical, realistic way. Implementers variety prominently in positions of responsibility in larger organisations. They tend to do the jobs that others do non want to do and do them healthy for example, disciplining employees.Completer closersThe completer finisher dots the is and crosses the ts. He or she gives attention to detail, aims to complete and to do so thoroughly. They make steady effort and are consistent in their work. They are not so interested in the glamour of spectacular success.SpecialistThe specialist provides knowledge and technical skills which are in rare supply within the team. They are a lot highly introverted and anxious and tend to be self-starting, dedicated and committedTeam ManagementArtifical barriers between leaders and led are only one obstacle to true teamwork. Interdepartmental and cross-functional rivalries what Americans call turf wars are other serious hurdles, made worse by the fact that they are seldom overcome. Theyre known in sport, too. Try to express rugby forwards that they can learn from backs, or vice versa, and youll prescriptly get no more change than when persuading marketing to work (as it should) hand-in-glove with production, or either to cooperate willingly with finance.The skills essential to the modern manager thus include the ability to work with other functional talents in teams and to lead, not by the authority of command, but that of expertise. Team leaders, paradoxically, includes knowing when to hand over the lead to others, as their expertise moves to the fore. In games, this stems naturally from the functional demands. Only the quarterback can call the runs in American football in rugby, lineout tactics are equally an expert function.A team relies on its leader to get them through.Team benefitAll teams are groups of individuals but not all groups of individuals necessarily demonstrate the cohesiveness of a team. Teams outgo individuals because teams generate a special energy. This energy develops as team members work together fusing their individualised energies and talents to deliver tangible performance results.Th ere are a number of benefits for teamwork, among them areDistributing the workloadReinforcing individual capabilitiesCreating participation and participationMaking better decisionsFeeling like we play a part in the work being doneGenerating a diversity of ideas, etc.Teams have become the latest oversight obsession. Theyre the corporate equivalent of a Visa card theyre everywhere you want to be. Managers, school principals everywhere in the world are striving to set up efficient teamwork procedures in their establishments.Trouble is that despite their ubiquity and their omnipresence, teams rarely extend to breakthrough results. Instead, they slip by to the level of the weakest performer and keep digging. The fault lies not with the team or its members, but with those who took a group of individuals, charged them with improbable goals, staffed them with uninspired leadership and expected them to function as a team.Contrast that to an organized, head-oiled, and disciplined team, o ne in which the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Such groups allow members to achieve results far beyond their individual abilities. The irony is that when the needs of the group cover priority, the needs of the individual actually are enhanced.High performance teams do not result from spontaneous combustion. They are grown, nurtured and exercised. It takes a lot of inviolable work and skill to blend the different personalities, abilities, and agendasCOMMUNICATION conferenceCommunication is an exchange of facts,ideas,opinions by two or more persons.Communication is the process of passing information understanding from one person to another.It is the process of conveyance of title ideas malking oneself understood by other.Communication is the transmission interchange of facts, ideas, feelings, or stratum of action.The interchange of ruling or information to bring about mutual understanding and confidence or good human relation.In intercourse model we use the concep t of Berlos ModelConcept of Barlos model- springDoes he have a command over language?What is his status towards the receiving system?Thirdly what is his level of knowledge?Does he speak as a member of a group religious,political, or commercial?Does he belong to a highly advanced culture or he comes from some primitive tribeMessage A message contains contented or matter. It appears in some language from such as incline or French or in picture form. highway Channel stands for the medium in which the message reaches the receiver. It may be natural, one of the senses seeing, hearing, touching, comprehend and tasting.Receiver The receiver too, like the source has skill, attitude, knowledge and culture context. If the receiver and the source have positive attitudes towards the topic, communication become easy.TIME circumspectionThis is the most important concept in this assignment as well as our day to day activity.The Three Ps of Effective metre Management-PlanningPrioritiesPro crastinationTen allegorys about Time- myth Time can be managed. invention The longer or harder you work the more you accomplish.Myth If you want something done right, do it yourself.Myth You arent hypothetical to enjoy work.Myth We should take pride in working hard.Myth You should try to do the most in the least amount of time.Myth Technology will help you do it better, faster.Myth Do one thing at a time.Myth Handle paper only once.Myth Get more done and youll be happier.As I got closer to the end of this assignment, I realized that we were actually trained how to utilize the resources to become a better leader as well as manager. As a manager it is very essential to make optimum use of the limited resources that will be provided for ones task. At the same time, a manager should also have equivalent skills and make sure his/her employee is up to the mark to gain better competitive advantage and a high market value for the purpose of development and success of the organization. Fo r a manager, a department with the lowest staff turnover is always better for the management and shows the excellence of the manager managing his/her team.ASSIGNMENT 2Learning StyleThe process of increasing knowledge and skills and developing our attitudes or beliefs so that we have the fortune for increased choice (Thorpe and Clifford, 2000).This approach to breeding emphasizes the fact that individuals perceive and process information in very different ways. The learning styles surmisal implies that how oftentimes individuals learn has more to do with whether the educational experience is geared toward their feature(prenominal) style of learning than whether or not they are smart. In fact, educators should not ask, Is this student smart? but kinda How is this student smart? contrastive type of learning styleInguisticThis type of scholar loves to read, write, and tell stories. They tend to memorize places, dates, names, and trivia very easily, and are always mesmerizing you with their astounding tales. They have a remarkable ability to repeat back everything you have ever told them, word for word.2.logicalThis child is very mathematically inclined. They enjoy solving problems, oddly if they are math come tod.. They will plague you with questions on how things work, how things relate to one another, and why things are here. Their favorite toys as young children were seeming building blocks, and pattern puzzles.3.spatialThese are the visualizers. They spend most of the day dreaming, notice movies, and staying as far away from reality as possible. If they seem particularly down, asking them to draw a picture will get you ofttimes further into the nature of the problem, than asking them to tell you about it.4.musicalif your child is always walking around the house humming a tune, or always needs music to study by, then he/she is likely a musical prentice. This type of learner is best at noticing details, pitches, and rhythms that escape the normal listener.5.bodilyThis type of learner is always on the move. They constantly walk around, they have to touch everything, and they use body language to convey their feelings. They would rather play sports or do a craft than sit down and read a book. They need active education Keep them moving.6.interpersonalThese are the fond butterflies. They alter easily to any type of social situation, have umteen friends and are excellent leaders. They are patient, understanding, and very empathetic, which makes them a favorite among their playmates. They in general make good leaders because of their ability to mediate conflict, and are often referred to as the Peacemaker of the family.7.intrapersonaliunderstanding of themselves. They pride themselves on being independent and original, and they tend to stand out from the crowd without even hard. They are the strong, silent type.Kolbs Learning theoryLearning is the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experienceK olb (1984, 38)a comprehensive theory which offers the foundation for an approach to education and learning as a lifelong process and which is soundbased intellectual traditions of philosophy and cognitive and social psychologyklb4kindDivergers view situations from many perspectives and rely heavily upon brainstorming and extension of ideasAssimilators use inductive reasoning and have the ability to create divinatory modelsConvergers rely heavily on hypothetical-deductive reasoningAccommodators carry out plans and experiments and adapt to immediate circumstancesDavid Kolb stated that for true learning to take place, we need to have an experience, reflect upon this experience, make sense of it (often through creating theories) and finally break our theories to our lives by planning what we would do next time we were in the same or similar situation.HONEY AND MUMFORDS LEARNING STYLESThere are four type of honey and mumford learning styleActivistReflector theorizerPragmatistCUser sANUJDownloadsPicture1.pngActivistActivists are people who learn through doing and cull activity-based development. They dislike sit down still for long periods and will therefore not respond well to lectures or highly reflective activity. Activists are chatty, restless and like to be involved they enjoy the here and now.The methods through which they will prefer to learn involve exercises, problems, tasks, drama and excitement.ReflectorsReflectors enjoy reviewing and considering situations and events. When asked a question, they tend to sit back and think about the answer before respondingWhen they join a discussion their contribution will be well thought out.Reflective learners like to consider issues from a range of different perspectives and will feel uncomfortable if they are put into the limelight without prior precedent when choosing methods for them, ensure that they will have the time required for reflection to take placeTheoristsTheorists like to know the theories beh ind a piece of learning or the ideas that back up comments that are being made. They prefer to learn from research, data, models and information.They do not cope well when they are asked to do something without being told why and without underpinning evidence or theory.Theorists like logic and are demythologised and analytical in a learning situation, they like their development activities to have structure and purpose they will be uncomfortable with high sense and feelings.PragmatistsPragmatists prefer practicality to theory and learn effectively when they are able to drill the learning to their situation and the real world.They learn best when provided with true-to-life tasks, rather than being given woolly concepts that they are unable to relate to their daily life.They seek out new ideas and want to try them out, drawing colligate between the subject and their current job.Vark modelThe acronym VARK stands for Visual, Aural, Read/write, and Kinesthetic sensory(a) modalitie s that are used for learning information. Fleming and Mills (1992) suggested four categories that seemed to reflect the experiences VARK learning style shows that I am a reading/writing alternative learner followed by visual and kinesthetic learner. The visual and kinesthetic learner characteristics are similar to the outcome of both the Belbin and erotic love Mumford theory. According to the Honey Mumford learning style, Belbins theory and VARK theory, I am indeed a person who learns better when theories and techniques are put into practice. I specifically prefer to learn from new experiences as well, making me a person who likes to do more physical and hands on activities compared to learning new modules through theories. For example, dogma and training materials are absorbed faster and effectively when I perform them through tutorial or lab activities.According to the VARK learning theory, I learn best when theories that are taught are absorbed via lectures and notes written from lectures according to personal preferences. For example, during lectures, I learn best when I write lecture notes and write it over and over again. A reading and writing preference learner would translate diagrams and charts into their own words to learn betterf the students and teacher.Visual (V)This preference includes the word picture of information in maps, spider diagrams, charts, graphs, flow charts, labelled diagrams, and all the emblematical arrows, circles, hierarchies and other devices, that instructors use to represent what could have been presented in words. It could have been called brilliant (G) as that better explains what it covers. It does NOT include movies, videos or PowerPoint. It does include designs, whitespace, patterns, shapes and the different formats that are used to highlight and convey information.Kinaesthetic (K)By definition, this way refers to the perceptual preference related to the use of experience and practice (simulated or real). Althoug h such an experience may invoke other modalities, the key is that people who prefer this mode are connected to reality, either through cover personal experiences, examples, practice or simulation See Fleming Mills, 1992, pp. 140-141. It includes demonstrations, simulations, videos and movies of real things, as well as case studies, practice and applications.AUDITORY-learners who would love to sit reverse and make up attention. They dont make a lot of notesREAD/WRITE- learners who need to read the information for themselves and they take a set of notesCONCLUSSIONVARK model proved that I m a KINESTHETIC learner. I can sit long for focused on a particular topic. But other than KINESTHETIC i am a weak learner. And I feel that this is my weak aspire and I want to resolve it. Now i am trying to deliberate on a particular topic by sitting actively like a visual learner. Now i am concentrating on the reading/writing part by reading more and more books and different journals or assignme nts. But I feel that kinesthetic is not an actual style which should be learned because kinesthetic is a person who cannot concentrate much more so I did not belong to it. I strongly believe that i should expand that particular learning theory along with the rest that I already practice. As a group member we should create some new ideas all the time and these ideas can be practical or theoretical. From Honey Mumford theory I came to know that I m a activist so I decided to learn the other learning styles that the VARK assessment showed as I do not see any harm in learning new theoretical modules.I actually feel that with this module we will develop our skills, knowledge, training and many more. We know our value and richness in a group. This module also helps us to understand the team management, different communication skills, and time management and captures the different styles of learning.