The Future of Biopsychology-Obesity

NORTHCENTRAL UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Learner Consuela Kelly-Crisler THIS FORM moldiness BE COMPLETELY FILLED IN Please Fol misfortunate These Procedures If request by your manpowertor, use an date c over sheet as the commencement exercise page of the word processor file. Use headers to indicate your course code, appointee number, and your name on each page of the assignment/homework including this assignment cover sheet. . Keep a Photocopy or Electronic simulate Of Your Assignments You may need to re-submit assignments if your mentor has indicated that you may or mustiness do so.Academic Integrity All work submitted in each course must be the Learners own. This take ons all assignments, exams, term papers, and former(a) projects essential by the faculty mentor. The knowing submission of a nonher soulfulnesss work delin obliterateed as that of the Learners without properly citing the source of the work go forth be flip overed plagiarism and ordain result in an u nsatis factor outy govern for the work submitted or for the entire course, and may result in academician dismissal. PSY5106Dr. Nicol Moreland BiopsychologyAssignment 8 Faculty Use Only The upcoming of Biopsychology- corpulency Consuela Kelly-CrislerNorthcentral University Biopsychology PSY5106 Dr. Nicol Moreland declination 9, 2012 A person is casted telling when his or her weight is 20% or lots above normal weight. The most common measure of fleshiness is the body mass index or BMI. A person is considered expectant if his or her BMI is between 25 and 29. 9 a person is considered rotund if his or her BMI is over 30. Morbid fleshiness means that a person is either 50%-100% over normal weight, to a greater extent than 100 pounds over normal weight, has a BMI of 40 or higher, or is sufficiently great(p) to severely interfere with health or normal function (What is corpulency? 2012). corpulency occurs when a person consumes more than calories than he or she burns. For mo re race this boils down to eating too much and practice too little. b bely there be other factors that in addition play a intention in obesity. People tend to gain weight as they hit older, nevertheless if they dont alter their eating habits. This is because the human transfiguration s slumps down as we age. We dont need to contain in as many a(prenominal) calories as we used to in order to fight back the same weight. Therefore, we store more of the food we take in as fat. Women tend to be overweight more often than men because men tend to burn calories at a higher rate (What is Obesity? 012). Obesity and thinness seems to begin a surrender a temperament versus nurture compvirtuosont. If a uncomplainings biological mother is unplumbed as an adult, there is approximately a 75% happening that she will be heavy. Likewise, the tykeren of thin p arnts have a 75% chance of beness thin (What is Obesity? 2012). This doesnt mean that the child of pear-shaped p atomic nu mber 18nts has to be obese, though. Many find slipway to keep the weight off. Genetics argon important, and lifestyle choices such as eating and exercise habits are, too. slight(prenominal) energetic passel tend to require less calories than more active heap they dont need as much provide because theyre doing less work.Physical activity in equivalent manner causes the body to burn calories prompt on average, and decreases appetence. People exercising less is thought to be a pass offing cause of obesity over the put up 20 years. psychological factors in like manner influence eating habits and obesity. Many citizenry eat in response to negative emotions such as boredom, sadness, or anger. People who have difficulty with weight management may be facing more emotional and psychological issues about 30% of people who seek interposition for serious weight problems have difficulties with binge eating.During a binge-eating episode, people eat large amounts of food duration spiriting they fuelt make how much they are eating. (Obesity Facts, 2012) Obesity potbelly be caused by illness, though people demonic more cases of obesity on illness than is authenticly true. Illnesses sometimes answerable for obesity include hypothyroidism (poorly acting thyroid slows metabolism), depression, and some rare diseases of the psyche that gage lead to overeating. Social factors, including poverty and a lower train of education, have been link to obesity.One reason for this may be that high-calorie processed foods speak to less and are easier to find and prepare than healthier foods, such as fresh vegetables and fruits. However, the link between low socioeconomic status and obesity has not been conclusively established, and recent obesity investigate shows that childhood obesity, for instance, is also increasing among high-income groups. The best methods of obesity preaching are dieting and somatic exercise. Obese people should adjust their diet to reduc e fat and dirty m sensationy consumption, and increase dietary fiber.Anti-obesity drugs can also be effective in conjunction with a healthy diet, reduce angiotensin converting enzymes appetite and/or fat absorption. whatsoever obese people require post or bowel reduction surgery in order to nod off weight. The smaller stomach allows them to consume less food and still musical note full. Obesity is a leading worldwide cause of preventable death, and government view it as one of the most serious health problems of this century. slice in some cultures, obesity is a sign of prosperity and childbearing, in the horse opera world, it is frequently viewed negatively.While whether to consider obesity as its own recrudesce disease is a matter of some debate, it is certainly a factor in many physical and mental ailments. Obesity is associated with angina, myocardial infarct and between 21 and 34% of ischemic heart disease, depending on which research you read. Body-mass index level s associated with obesity also double a persons risk of heart failure and deep-vein thrombosis and cause over 85% of cases of high blood pressure ( pentad times the normal risk). Obesity is also associated with higher levels of LDL cholesterol and lower levels of HDL.Obesity also has a variety of dermatological affects, including stretch marks, acanthosis nigricans, lymphedema, cellulitis, hirsutis and intertrigo (Bray, 2004). Obesity has also been shown to be linked with type 2 diabetes in 64% of cases in men and 77% of womens. Sixty percent of patients diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome are obese, as are six percent of the infertile. Obesity is related to many complications in pregancy, including hemorrhage, infection, increased hospital stays for the mother and increased neonatal intensive supervise unit requirements for the infant.Obese women are doubly as likely to require a caesarian section and are at a high risk of preterm births and low birth weight infants. Ch ildren born of obese women have a great risk of anencephaly and spina bifida, cardiovascular anomalies, including septal anomalies, cleft lip and palate, anorectal malformation, limb reduction anomalies, and hydrocephaly (Haslam, 2005). Obese women have a near double risk of stroke compared to normal-weight women, while men have twice as great a chance. Those who are obese have a rate of dementia 1. times greater than those of normal weight. Women obese at the age of eighteen have a greater than double chance of contracting multiple sclerosis. Obesity has also been shown to cause approximately five percent of cancers, including breast, ovarian, esophageal, colorectal, liver, pancreatic, gallbladder, stomach, endometrial, cervical, prostate, kidney, non-Hodgkins lymphoma and multiple myeloma (Bray, 2004). In addition to these physical make, obese people are less likely to get married and make thousands less than their normal-weight counterparts, on average.Depression is also linke d to obesity, though an increase in BMI has been linked to a decrease in the risk of suicide. Several studies suggest that many physicians treat obese patients differently. In a 1969 survey of physicians, obese patients were expound as weak-willed, ugly, awkward, and self-indulgent. In a more recent physician survey, one of three doctors said they respond negatively to obesity, behind three other diagnostic/ kind categories drug addiction, alcoholism, and mental illness. A comparable demand found that two-thirds of doctors suppose obese patients lack self-control, and 39 percent feel they are lazy.Two studies of nurses showed similar results. These attitudes carry over into the work world, where a billet or a promotion is often denied simply because of how much one weighs. Obesity research and treatment is a very provocative subject. A 2011 article in the Journal of the American Medical Association proposes that states consider removing obese children above the 99th percentile from their homes. The author views temporary foster care as part of the remedy for childhood obesity by providing an milieu where the children would be exposed to proper nutrition and activity levels.During the separation period, the parents could also be educated on the best ways to assist their child in coping with their issue. Due to the relationship between obesity and low income (low income families cant easily afford nutritious food, and low earners are often distracted from their family issues, whether by a second job, or by concerns like drug or alcohol abuse) and education (low income families usually arent as educated, which bleeds over into health issues like obesity) this solution seems severe but grounded in science.Detractors point out that the home environment is only one contributing factor to obesity, and that a childs obesity isnt automatically considered abuse under the law. They cite studies showing that children get more of their food away from home, limiting the influence of even educated and relate parents. Also, neither the potential effectiveness of the proposal in terms of reducing obesity or the potential price to the family unit caused by the remotion have been substantiated. Psychological damage could in fact be inflicted, two to the parents and child, by causing them to feel at fault for the obesity.This could lead to self-assertion issues, depression and more. This is without even taking into consideration the harm done by taking a child away from his or her parents, even on a temporary basis. Another treatment, as novel as the last if not as heavy-handed, is the potential for virtual-reality treatment of obesity. Virtual reality, also macrocosm used to treat psychological disorders like anxiety and addiction, allows clinicians to offer ikon therapy in the comforts of their own offices without the problems sometimes posed by actual exposure.The benefit to the patient comes from existence in a safe environment where they can let themselves connect emotionally with the treatment. Virtual reality has already been shown to induce a variety of controlled changes in the body, to include the sensation of a fake limb or an out of body experience. Researchers have even used virtual reality to give male subjects the feeling of being in a female body. From this point, its only a small skip to giving an obese person the sensation of being in a a normal-weight body.In one experiment, scientists discovered the neural systems involved in VR service of body image. This, combined with an adaptation of therapy used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder, is being used the help patients identify and change habits contributing to eating disorders and obesity. The inaugural xx minutes of the VR sessions are used for the therapist to get an instinct of the patients concerns and experiences related to food. The patient does most of the talking, while the therapist guides the session. The second twenty dollar bill m inutes are devoted to the actual VR session.The simulation can establish a number of environments, like a classroom, apartment, or pub, to recreate some of the experiences the patient detailed to the therapist. The simulation also includes a body-image room, where the patient can create an ideal VR body and compare it to their real one. The last twenty minutes are used to discuss the patients VR experience. In terms of good considerations, the first needs to be how much the government, communities and families are obligated to ensuring obese people get the treatment they need.It is very easy to dismiss obese people as having done it to themselves, since many cases could simply be prevented by eating better and exercising more. Mental illnesses are, by and large, viewed differently by much of the humans than physical ailments. A person who doubled in size due to a war injury that prevented them from exercising, for instance, would likely granary more sympathy than a person who si mply doubled in size because they went to McDonalds four times a week. This, of course, influences the discussion on how much the government should be obligated to tolerate for medical care of the obese.Much like the arguments against smokers being covered by public assistance against the effects of their rotten habit, a case can be made for whether tax dollars should pay for an obese persons weight-reduction surgery or triple bypass. While the legitimacy of these concerns can probably never be agreed upon yet by the mass, the governments office to educate people on deterrent measures and healthy choices cannot be minimized, and the effects of those programs should not be overlooked.Some scientists acknowledge the responsibility of the obese for their conditions, but believe that it should only be a treatment focus if it did not harm the patients mental health. Those scientists also take issue with the public opinion chump against obese people, due to the additional burden it places on patients. In the Western world especially, obese people are often considered lazy, overeaters or both. It is not estimable to assume this is true in all cases, those researchers say, and not honourable to create policy or legislation based on those assumptions, either.Those assumptions can only be used positively in the shaping of preventative suggestions (anyone will benefit from more exercise and better eating, obese or not, so its acceptable to suggest them to allone). Another consideration is what obese patients themselves consider acceptable in terms of treatment. Studies sow that obese adults prefer interventions that are non-commercial, dont fall back on common stereotypes and promote lifestyle changes (health initiatives and exercise) alternatively than simple weight loss (dieting, bariatric surgery).Care should be taken to ensure that treatment of obese patients does not impact their mental health negatively, by reinforcing social stigmas, negative self-image , instilling disregard for the positive social and cultural aspects of eating, no matter the patients privacy and personal freedom in decision- do. One pretending, the Nuffield Council on Bioethics stewardship model of public health, recommends public programs that do not attempt to coerce adults to lead healthy lives, minimize introduction of interventions with-out consent and minimize interventions that are unduly intrusive and in con? ct with personal values. The stewardship model also incorporates an intervention ladder, ranging from no intervention to eliminating choice altogether. Eliminating choice, under this model, would be dumb for serious public health issues, such as an infectious patient requiring quarantine in order to ensure the safety of the general creationsomething obviously more serious than an obese patient. Restricting choice would take the form of removing unhealthy ingredients or foods from stores and restaurants (as in the recent limit on the size of foun tain drinks in New York City).Guiding through disincentives or incentives is on another level of the spectrum, by making it not worth a persons effort to do something, or vice versahigher medical restitution premiums for obese people who are doing it to themselves, for example. It is a model that clearly illustrates ways in which the government can support public health without sightly overbearing and infringing on peoples rights. In summary, obesity is a major public health issue with far reaching consequences to a fair majority of the population. It is detrimental to those who suffer from it, both mentally and physically.Its physical effects are literally a head-to-toe list of increases risks of illness and injuries. Its mental effects include damage to patients self-image, which can bleed over into how the patient deals with work, social situations, parenting and every other aspect of life. There are numerous factors involved in an obese persons condition genetics, upbringing, cultural values and mores, living environment and socio-economics. Some people become obese due to pre-existing medical concerns, while others achieve the condition by eating the wrong things and not exercising enough.Once they do reach an obesity-qualifying body-mass index level, they can expect (in the Western world, at least), they can be expected to be held responsible for their condition no matter how it was reached, and to be treated differently simply because theyre not at a normal weight. Treatments for obesity range from the tried-and-true to the newfangled and from therapeutic to overbearing, with variable degrees of efficacy. Some involve the government, while others simply a life coach, dietitian or trainer. Opinions on how to handle obesity fall at change points on a wide spectrum.The most logical source of information on how obese people should be treatedobese people themselvestend to prefer an approach that helps them change their lives as a complete in order to lo se weight and prevent harmful behaviors, sort of than one that consists merely of a change in diet with no measures against become obese again at a later date. The ethical concerns in treating obesity include how to best treat obesity without making the patient feel worse about their problem and how much responsibility should be borne by someone other than the obese person themselves (i. . , the government). Future treatments for obesity may very well take a more holistic approach or else than simply tackling the separate components of diet and exercise. Scientists have taken steps toward mapping the areas of the brain involved with impulse control and self-image, and developing ways of modifying behaviors using this information may prove useable in stemming the tide. Similar discoveries may fuel new ways of educating people on how to prevent obesity in the future as well, rather than only ways of reversing it after the fact.And of course, the more understanding we have of obesit y and its causes, the more tolerant and accepting we should become as a solely towards people suffering from it. References What is Obesity? (2012) Retrieved celestial latitude 7, 2012, from http//www. webmd. com/diet/what-is-obesity Bray GA (2004). Medical consequences of obesity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. Haslam DW, James WP (2005). Obesity. Lancet Childhood Obesity Prevention. (2012). In outset Cause. Retrieved October 14, 2012, from http//rootcause. org/childhood-obesity-preventionObesity Facts, Causes, Emotional Aspects and When to Seek Help. (2012). In WebMD. Retrieved October 14, 2012, from http//www. webmd. com/diet/what-is-obesity? page=2 Pinel, J. P. J. (2009). Biopsychology (7th ed. ). Boston, MA Allyn and Bacon Hahler B (June 2006). An overview of dermatological conditions commonly associated with the obese patient. Arendas K, Qiu Q, Gruslin A (June 2008). Obesity in pregnancy pre-conceptional to postpartum consequences. Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ (April 2003). Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively study cohort of U. S. adults. Relationship Between Poverty and Overweight or Obesity. Retrieved December 7, 2012, from http//frac. org/initiatives/hunger-and-obesity/are-low-income-people-at-greater-risk-for-overweight-or-obesity/ Meetoo D. The imperative of human obesity an ethical reflection. Br J Nurs 2010 19 5638. Nuffield Council on Bioethics. Public health ethical issues. London Nuffield Council on Bioethics 2007. lendable at http//www. nuffieldbioethics. org/public-health (Cited 9 December 2011).