Relationships with Grandparents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Relationships with Grandparents - Essay ExampleOne theatre of operations suggests that grandparents are thought to exert influence is in adolescent and young adult grand shaverrens identity operator development (Wise, 2010, p. 57). I would have to agree with this statement since there are various things about me in which I flock point out to be my grandparents influence, and there are also a give out of events from my adolescent years in which I was able to appreciate family ties because of them. Further more, the generational gap between grandchildren and grandparents can be a tool in establishing a balanced relationship, while parents are busy running(a) for the needs of the families. Grandparents can be very tolerating with our acts, especially if they live far from where our parents live. However, some of us failed to visit their effort of bringing the essence of a complete family. As what Wise (2010) points out, the mediating roles of grandparents are evident when the chil d wants to visit the grandparents, accompanied by his mother or father. This is especially important since children from divorced parents need more social support. They could be a potential emotional counselor since they have more experience than their grandchildren, and hence teach them how to handle things in a mature way. The role of the grandparents in the family, and the social structure as a whole is crucial in a way that they are in between universe caregivers for their grandchildren and at the same time, needing care for themselves.

Discuss the relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation and Essay

Discuss the relationship between entrepreneurship, unveiling and economical development - Essay ExampleAs technological change permeates our lives, it is essential for each one-on-one to understand the forces underlying and unleashed by technological change in order to become better termination makers, managers, policy analysts, and researchers. Relationship between Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Development As Braunerhjelm points bulge, economists have undoubtedly make considerable advances during the last decades in understanding the relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation, and growth, and have brought in more great(p) insights on how entrepreneurship, innovation, and growth are interrelated. According to him, the relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation, and economic development can be identified from its most immediate foundation in simple perception, common sense, and a clear economic observation that performance to convert proposals into econ omic opportunities lies at the very core of entrepreneurship (2). Entrepreneurship can be express as the foundation of innovation and revolution, and as such stimulates the development in efficiency and profitable competitiveness. knowledge and flexibility are the two significant factors that are closely linked with entrepreneurship and have been noticed for their wideness as measures for achieving competitiveness in this rapidly developing globalised economy. In the same way, development and growth of forthcoming entrepreneurship brings chances for a countrys development within an intensified global competition due to the phenomena process globalisation and liberalisation, and modern technological innovations. According to Pirich et al, most economic, psychological and sociological research focus on the fact that entrepreneurship is a process, and not just a stagnant phenomenon and it is more than just a mechanised economic factor. Moreover, entrepreneurship is associated wi th choice-related issues and has a wide range of functional roles which involves coordination, innovation, uncertainty bearing, decision making resource allocation, keen supply, and ownership (14). Schumpeter holds the view that innovative entrepreneurs are the vehicles that can move the economy into development from a stagnant equilibrium, depending on the blending abilities of entrepreneurial individuals. In his opinion, whatever the type, everyone is an entrepreneur only when he actually carries out new combinations and loses that character as soon as he has built up his business, when he settles bring to running it as other people run their business (Schumpeter, 78). Likewise, there has been a great deal of attention focused on studying various models of innovation throughout the recent decades to identify the substance of innovation with various institutions. The Economist (1999) (as cited in Pirich, et al) reports that innovation has turned out to be the industrial righteo usness of the late 20th century, where business considers it to be the key to increase profits and market share and Governments in general select it while trying to fix the economy moreover, the rhetoric of innovation has substituted the post-war language of welfare political economy (15). The entrepreneur takes the place of the most essential agent in almost all of the production, distribution, and growth theories. Entrepreneurship is the ride force of economic growth and this concept suits best with the long waves theory of Joseph Schumpeter. According to Schumpeter,

New teacher induction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

New instructor installing - Essay ExampleA instruct is useful in guiding the teacher through the various problems that the new teacher may instance (Collins, 2008). An instructional coach is instrumental in ensuring that the correct procedures are kept in covering the curriculum.The induction process helps the teacher understand and know how to deal with the various students who come from diverse backgrounds. A teacher will excessively be better placed to deal with students who have difficulties in class and also maximize on the different talents of the various students (Collins, 2008). An important issue to consider is that teachers need to connect with the students so that they can achieve more. The induction process also needs to be reviewed from time to time to see to it that the correct practices are used in the induction of teacher. What reachs on the program should be however improved while what does not work should be corrected as well.In this standard the constituti on describes the responsibilities for the teacher and guide them through the written and vision that promotes and supports the ability of the teacher to the continuous development of the division and describes the policies of the school. At this point, the new teacher gets to learn the rules of the school such as the time that they are meant to get across to school and time they are meant to eave, the timetable of the school, the values and the culture of the school and how they are meant to conduct themselves especially in regards to how they relate to the students (Collins, 2008). This area could also include issues of pay and if there are whatsoever bonuses or any medical support that he teacher is entitled to when they are teaching at the school.This stander seeks professional proceeds the teachers that include classroom management techniques and motivating students. Moreover, it lets the teacher to know more about how to communicate and work with diverse students. Students are usually from very

Disaster Preparedness & Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

happening zeal & Response - Essay ExampleThis phase also tries to minimize the effects of disasters. Because of this, they are non dealing with the disaster directly, and have while to make long term plans and programs that are best accommodate for them to carry aside. These plans include things such as making building and zoning codes, which this phase is mot estimable for because of the time they have not during the crisis to plan out these codes. You wouldnt send in a quick recovery team to try to figure out planning codes. This phase is also best for planning out and figuring out which areas are vulnerable to disaster, and analyzing this data and figuring out what can best be done about it. And lastly, the Migation Phase can best handle public education, as they have the time when there isnt a disaster going on to help educate the public about emergencies.The Preparedness part of the cycle is just as important, but can best handle its own cozy workings. If is best left t o making the preparedness plans, as they are going to be the ones using them and displace them into action. They are also the best to handle the warning systems, as they know how to best set up a system that can be ready to go and prepared to help people if an destiny is to happen.The Response Team has its own activities that it is best at.

Media study assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Media study assignment 1 - Essay ExampleIt has attracted depictions worry Gran Torino, Up in the Air, and Scream bring more than 8,000 in one year and saved the movies more than $223 cardinal in 2009. It is a testament of how tax cuts from some(prenominal) movies can save so much, an amount that could be reinvested on early(a) movies. Proposed Policy Many movie and TV studios actually openly state that a huge part of their expense goes to taxes. On the other hand, there is another sector that complains about having the right ideas that could progress the quality of the movie and tv patience but not having enough farm animaling to pursue these ideas. If five movies total more than $200 million in taxes, reallocating taxes from two movies of every movie and TV studio to fund independent film. Monumental movies like Memento, Run Lola Run, Primer and Clerks were all made for under $100,000. Many of the movies that Hollywood licensed such as The Eye and Shutter were all made unde r $10,000. $200 million yearly could easily fund 100 movies that could completely turn around the quality of movies coming from Hollywood. Benefits and Disadvantages of the Policy The slap-upest benefit of providing nominate to the new filmmakers follows the same model of the commercial market. In the commercial market, when people spend their money on goods and services, it stimulates the economy by increasing the demand. The business owners, in turn, produce more good which offers move jobs to people. This go out give people more spending the power. That impart start the whole process again. This model will follow the same process. As the administration reallocate the money back to the market, it gives more jobs to people which supply them to have more spending power to support more movies. As more movies make money, more movies will be produced. The greatest benefit will, of course, be the prob adapted increase in quality of the movies that are being produced as new talents are discovered. The only disadvantage that is in clear trajectory is the red that government will incur. $200 million worth of tax is a huge cut from government funding. That could very well be going to infrastructure project, funding for Small and Medium Enterprise, education and other essential projects. Political, Social, or Cultural Issues that will be Addressed Art is important. It is, in a sense, the conscience of a nation and it must be nurtured the same way it is critical to nurture the conscience of a country. The film industry is part of art it is, primarily, a cultural issue. Hollywood, movie making, and television is a great curve in American culture, to some it is also a reflection of the American culture. When its growth is stunted, a huge part of the culture also goes away. American movies have served as a great influence in many other countries to pursue the growth of their own industry. The other more obvious importee is the money that the movie industry contri butes to the economy of the United States of America. In 2010, the movie industry contributed an estimated $10.89 billion in direct revenue alone. The TV industry could easily double that figure. How it Supports Free Speech Giving filmmakers the ammo to produce more movies is equivalent to providing them more platforms where they can express the messages they will not be able to say otherwise. Memento, for example, was the very first film that brought forward short memory loss disease. It raised cognisance about this disease which, apparently, was more common than initially perceived to be. Primer, a

Business Ehtics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Business Ehtics - render ExampleIn an organization this is complicated further by the larger numbers of people involved. What capacity be important to one individual may not be so to others.As the school text notes, no one operates in a vacuum (Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell 126). Thus, many organizational factors influence the run as well. This can be factors ilke the corporate and honorable cultures, which affect how the organization views its values, beliefs, goals, norms, and ways of solving problems (Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell 126). Obedience to authority, how apparent employees are to obey, can influence the process by how eager employees are to resolve business morals issues by simply following the directives of a superior (Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell 127).Opportunity is the conditions in an organization that limit or permit ethical or unethical behavior (Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell 127). These internal and external rewards can affect the process by making people more or l ess likely to act in a way that is ethical. For instance, if there is more of an opportunity to do unethical things due to a bad ethical culture, people will be less likely to make decisions

Literature review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Literature review - Essay ExampleStudents are usually afraid of having non enough while to prepare for the exams or to complete their tasks in season. The root of evil here is not in a lack of knowledge, but very often it is inability to organize their working time effectively. In order to increase educatees abilities to catch up with educational demonstrate, it is necessary for students to spend much time on preparing for their chassises (Kwan and Ko, 2002). Thus time anxiety skills should be developed for quality increase of individual and class work. It may be also argued that if a student spends more time on preparation for classes he would succeed for sure. Not the quantity but quality plays an important role as well. For example, a student may spend 25 hours per week to prepare for classes, but he would be inattentive during the process of preparation. Thats why, If students started to manage their time and feel more in control of their lives their marks went up and the y seemed to take aim more out of their experience at university (Trueman and Hartley, 1996). Thus a great advantage of time attention skills development is a students ability to gain more knowledge and be more socially active during his study at the University. The fact that Universities rushed into developing of students time management skills ravisher the crucial importance of this aspect of students lives. Personal emotional conditions of students, their high-quality participation in educational process would be beneficial for their self-perfection and self-esteem (Claessens et al. 2007). Unfortunately, there is a lack of students interest in the development of their time management skills. In spite of the fact that numerous seminars on these topic are held in the Universities, the level of students preface there is very low. Although many seminars, workshops and orientations are held in university on the topic of time management, few students liquidate attention to the advi ce (Kwan, 2003). Negative aspects of time management discipline development are that students remain indifferent to this problem. and so it is relevant to reveal the real reasons for that. If students dont want to manage their time and spend it on their study they should be encouraged not only theoretically but functionally as well. Lectures on time management may seem boring to modern students. It would be more interesting, for example, if they had an ability to tolerate a funny film about a student who couldnt manage his time and came across different mishaps and unpleasant situations. Therefore, time management should turn from a theoretically-based discipline to be more practical and creative. Thats why a suggested technique during seminars, such as funny films viewing, would encourage students to catch up with their group mates because they would be afraid of becoming a prototype for such kind of films. Moreover, an infixed drawback of students inability to manage their ti me is a violation of their social roles and personal lives. Being distressed and nervous because of failures in their educational process, students may loose their interests in their friends or families. It can be even suggested that a brave procrastinator is a tender creature full of fears before his inability to cope with collection plate task or fail during the exam. Such kind of students usually

Operations Management in a Business Context Essay

Operations care in a Business Context - Essay ExampleMoreover, the company with the provision of quality products and/or services has aim at attaining a better market position in the retail manufacture globally. At the same time, Tesco PLC also concentrated on building a healthy relationship with its employees and stakeholders with the heading of maintaining its competitive advantage in the retail market segment. The company has been communicating information with stakeholders, so that trading operations of the company fundament be conducted in a coordinated manner (1Tesco, 2014).Over the years, Tesco PLC has diversified its stemma operation in different geographical location for providing several other services to its consumers that include telecoms and mesh services and financial services among others. The company is listed on the London Stock Exchange market at a lower place the constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. According to the Tesco PLC Annual Report (2014), it is iden tified that the company has gained 3rd largest position among the innovation retail companies due to its wide range of products and services. Moreover, it has been ascertained that Tesco PLC has earned approximately 43.6bn revenue (68%) from the local market of the UK. Consequently, the company has witnessed 10.3bn (16%) revenue from Asian market and 9.3bn revenue (14%) from Europe market during the year 2013-14 (Tesco PLC Annual Report, 2014).The bearing of the turn up is to highlight the five performance objectives, where operations management plays an important role for maintaining the competitiveness. Apart from this, the essay explains the impact of operations management performance objectives.Operation management is one of the most essential aspects for an shaping based on which organisations manage their resources as well as activities more accurately. In this regard, an organisation can significantly control its performance objectives by

Various aspects of S&O management in the Atokowa Company Essay

Various aspects of S&O management in the Atokowa Company - Essay pillow slipThis research will begin with the statement that management of systems and trading trading operations can be viewed as the validational in built building, designing, and structuring mechanism for effective daily operations of organisations. According to Chase et al, management of systems and operations is an indwelling process of converting a firms internal input (human resources, energy, or material) into output (goods and armed services). Actually, management of systems and operations entails the effective management of organisational resources, which gear towards production as well as distribution of goods and services of an organisation to its end customers. Operations and systems management could be summed up into management systems, which are proven frameworks for the management as well as continuous improvements of the policies, processes, as well as procedures of organisations. Individually, sys tem management refers to an enterprises management of the systems of information management. This entails gathering necessities, purchasing software and equipment, distribution of software and equipment to their places of use, their configuration, their maintenance through service updates and enhancement, setting up of processes of problem-handling, and determination of whether objectives and goals are being realised. Systems management is thus the enterprise-wide distributed systems administration including (and usually in practice) the computer systems. It is stoutly affected by telecommunications initiatives of network management. ... The purpose of this paper is to examine various aspects of S&O management in the Atokowa Company and give recommendations for improvement of the management operations in systems and operations segments. Background Information of Atokowa Advantage The Atokowa advantage Company is a key player in the effort of office supplies and stationery in Austra lia. The firm sells an array of office supplies and stationery to businesses, individuals, as well as other organisations. It owns several retail outlets, which deliver office supplies and stationery directly to the organisations as well as carry out customised printing for firms. Lachlan Atokowa founded Atokowa in 1964 in Sydney, Australia as a mere photocopying business in Atokowas garage after purchasing Xerox 914 machine. His business grew and in 1970, he purchased one retail outlet as well as expanded his business from just photocopying activities to business printing in addition to brochures, letterheads, flyers, compliment slips, business cards, fax headers, no carbon required (NCR) pads, and memo slips. These developed Atokowas status as a printing firm of high quality. Atokowas business continued growing and he developed his vision of becoming the one-stop office supplies and stationery shop. Lachlan expanded as well as purchased additional outlets in Perth and Melbourne a reas, which were stocked quite adequately with an array of office supplies, paper, office furniture, besides the authoritative business of printing. In 1980, Atokowa printing was renamed to Atokowa Office Supplies. Lachlan retired in 1983 and handed the business to Jonathan Atokowa, his eldest son who cerebrate more on technology. In fact, Jonathan commenced sale of IBM PC 5100 and Commodore

T-Bags Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

T-Bags - Essay ExampleT-Bags is a specialty teahouse design offering a broad and creative selection of tea beverages and accompaniments at convenient and accessible locations in the Metropolitan areas. The company countenances its clients with a new tea experience by creating a new consideration for the traditional idea of afternoon tea.T-Bags is different to other tea-based businesses in the U.K. market today. Most teahouses in the U.K. are usually family businesses (passed through generations) located in the countryside, or if they are in the city area, they are upscale and are housed in high-end hotels. Essentially, T-Bags is based on the specialty espresso bar concept (like Starbucks) which is already uncontrolled throughout the country. Like the espresso bar concept, the specialty teahouse has a strong crop focus - tea. However, opposed the other traditional teahouses, T-Bags offers an usually wide menu range in an environment where customers are further to explore diffe rent tea flavorings and blends brought in from all over the world.In the short term, The caller-ups goal is to hold this concept, first, in a retail outfit of less than 800 square feet. The Companys medium term goal leave alone then be to pursue an aggressive expansion strategy in London and other major(ip) Metropolitan areas in the U.K. to create a strong brand identity. In the long term, The Companys goal is to ferment the leading brand of specialty teahouses in the U.K.Although The Companys key selling point is its wide product offerings, The Company is aware that other teahouses in the market today are also able to follow this product strategy. However, The Companys unique selling point which encompasses wide product offerings, a unique customer experience and customer loyalty cannot be easily copied.The following five elements will differentiate T-Bags from its competitors and foster customer loyalty. mellow Quality Product Offerings. T-Bags has scoured the best places in t he world that produces quality tea leaves and the products offered are uncompromising. To support the tea-drinking experience, T-Bags also offers high quality accompaniments like sweets and pastries sourced from the same regions as the tea in order to provide a consistent experience.Customer Service. Since this business concept is new to the U.K., it is important that first purchases from customers are followed by repeat businesses. Therefore, it is crucial that all employees understand the concept of the business in informing customers of the

Critical Evaluation of Bureaucracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Critical Evaluation of Bureaucracy - Essay exerciseThe most recent developments to affect British Airways include the financial crisis that began in 2008. The reduced global stemma activity adversely affected the breedlines industry. As a result, British Airways had to take steps to control its expenses firearm revenues were not expected to grow in the near future. In pursuit of such verses, British Airways inform 1700 job cuts for its UK cabin crew of 14,000. This measure was intended to reduce labour costs and increase profitability. However, the measure backfired and resulted in an industrial dispute with the cabin crew labour union Unite for almost twain years. Most recently, the airlines has merged with Iberia Airlines and now operates under the parent company of International Airlines Group. This illustrates the increasing trend towards privatization in the airlines industry.Critical issues in the environment have increased the challenges for British Airways. The terrori st attacks of September 2001 created a fear of air travel worldwide and airlines suffered as a result. British Airways being the national carrier of the United domain also suffered. In addition, since 2008, the costs of jet fuel has been volatile, increasing the cost of operations for British Airways. Smaller, littler budget airlines entered the industry and exploited the needs of the budget travelers. By offering more flexible no-frills(prenominal) services, they catered to the need of the consumers for prompt and flexible service as opposed to the bureaucratic procedures.

OXIDATION OF METHIONINE BY SINGLET OXYGEN Essay

OXIDATION OF METHIONINE BY SINGLET atomic number 8 - Essay ExampleIts electron arrangement is different from abundant normal diradical triplet type O. Singlet atomic number 8 can be formed from triplet atomic number 8 with the assist of photosensitizers, like Rose Bengal. Such compounds physical exercise light to convert triplet into singlet type O. Due to low activation energy and its electron shape singlet oxygen is a highly reactive molecule and can readily form bonds with a number of organic molecules. It is less stable than the normal form of oxygen. However, depending on the environment singlet oxygen has the possibility to exist for more than one hour at room temperature. (Schweitzer, et al., 2003) One of the reactions that singlet oxygen can take part in, is the oxidation of amino acid residues of proteins. Cysteine and methionine residues are particularly susceptible to such(prenominal) forms of oxidation. In contrast to oxidation of other amino acids, this type of oxid ation is reversible. Both R- and S-stereoisomers of methionine sulfoxide form as a consequence of methionine residue oxidation. The reaction can be reversed with the aid of stereospecific methionine sulfoxide reductases which can be found in most cells. The enzyme catalyses the formation of methionine residues from methionine sulfoxide (Carey, et al., 1984). ... (Stadtman, et al., 2005) This work, for example, uses methionine oxidation by singlet oxygen, generated using Rose Bengal and optical maser as a radiation source. This report is initially focused on describing the key literature associated with oxidation of methionine by singlet oxygen, highlighting relevant for the project issues and arguments, then moving on to presenting the research that has been through with(p) so far, making accent on the methods used and results achieved, before finally identifying the existing gaps in the discipline and setting up a plan for future work. Singlet and triplet oxygen Triplet oxygen i s the most stable and abundant form of oxygen. The difference between two forms of oxygen can be seen by comparing the molecular orbitals of both forms (Figure 1). Figure 1 Triplet (left) and singlet (right) form of oxygen. (Min and Lee, 1999) (Frimer, et al., 1985) To qualify fling states of molecules spin multiplicity is used. It can be described as 2S+1. Here S is the spin quantum number, which is 1 for triplet oxygen. Therefore, the spin multiplicity for triplet oxygen is 3 and it is paramagnetic. Triplet oxygen easily reacts with radicals, but peptides in general and methionine in particular are in the singlet state. Singlet oxygen, in contrast, has different electron configuration in the ?-antibonding orbital. It is a non-radical, electrophilic molecule. The spin quantum number is 0 and multiplicity is 1, these parameters qualify the form of oxygen presented on the Figure 1 as a singlet. It does not follow the Hunds rule, extremely reactive and 22.5 Kcal/mole higher in ene rgy then triplet oxygen. Five insane states are produced due to electron repulsion. The 1? represents the singlet form which is responsible for the reaction with

Fixed Tangible Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fixed Tangible - Dissertation Examplence sheet of the company. The cost include cost incurred at the time of purchase of summation such as cash payment for the learnedness of pluss, duty paid on the import of pluss at the time of import, transportation cost incurred for bringing the summation to the desired post and place. Although, there might be cost incurred related to the acquisition of the assets but it might not be relevant and thus not capitalized. Examples of such cost are cost of opening a impertinent production facility, cost of advertising and promotional activities and other indirect and administrative be. The capitalization of the cost is halt when the asset is the location or place for the intended use. Cost such as initial operate losses, initial cost incurred by the company when it is operating below the capacity and cost or resettlement or reorganization of some or all of the holdings of the company, is similarly not capitalized. The expenditure incurred can also be capitalized in the cost of the asset subsequent to the acquisition of the assets. These costs primarily include portentous maintenance or overhauling expenditure. These costs are only recognized in those circumstances when the future sparing benefits associated with that expenditure lasts for more than one year. Other than general maintenance expenditure, there are other costs which can also be capitalized in the cost of the asset. For example borrowing cost, incurred on acquiring to the acquisition of qualifying assets is also recognized in the cost of the assets acquired. This capitalization is accounted for in accordance with the IAS 23 acceptation Cost. 2 At the initial recognition of any item of property, ground and equipment, if the payment for an item of property, jell and equipment is deferred, interest at market rate must also be recognized. In certain circumstances, the asset might be acquired in an exchange for another asset, which could be similar or di ssimilar to the asset universe disposed off. In these cases, the cost is measured at the fair value of the asset being acquired. But this measurement technique would not be applicable if the asset exchange transaction lacks moneymaking(prenominal) substance or the fair value of the assets involved in the transaction cannot be determined reliably. In case where the fair value of the asset acquired is not reliably measured, the cost of the asset, at which it is recognized in the balance sheet of the company, is the fair value of the assets given up. Subsequent to the initial measurement, the IAS 16 has allowed to record the asset at accounting models which are Cost Model Revaluation Model 1 In the cost model, the asset is carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, if any. Whereas, according to the revaluation model, the items are carried at revalued amount. The revalued amount of an item of property, plant and equipment is its fair value at its revaluation date. According to IAS 16, when an item of property, plant and equipment is revalued, the entire class of assets to which that item belongs, is also revalued. In case where a company conducts the revaluation of an item of property plant and equipment, and it results in an increase in the amount at which it was previously recorded in the balance sheet, the increase is credited to equity and is represented as

Review of Enrique Penalosa's Speech Movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Of Enrique Penalosas Speech - Movie go over ExampleAccording to United States Census Bureau the current population of 322 million will pick out up to 438 by year 2050.This indicates also the number of slew per household will also be much. New homes and cities will be required to be produce but the question is where and how.Can we build a transport system without knowing what kind of city we want? The answer to the question is expression a city will depend on what kind of bread and butter we want and what kind of life will make us happier. A city defines our way of life. In building, a new city equality for the quality of life in particular for children and equality for all citizens is important. An example is a bus with 80 passengers as the right of space 80 times than a car with one passenger. Democracy doer such laws are obeyed but sometime injustice happens before our face for example a work jam with no exclusive lane for buses.in the world public pedestrians is pace is the only that we all retain free access to. A good city is where mountain like to be out in public space and enjoy themselves. Cities are more architectural than engineering thus, people enjoy more public space in the city. A good city is where people have contact with water, spirit and trees. A good city should have space for use by children, elderly and disabled people. concourse should walk in a good city without fear of being hit by cars especially children.When cars appeared they started killing people and many city dwellers where forced to migrate to the suburbs. Cars took the space used by people there was a competition of space between cars, and people. There should be enough space for people to walk and for cars to drive. Sidewalks should be used by people e.g. Walking, kissing, admiring the surroundings but not for cars to park. Sidewalks should proceed afterward intersections. A city belongs to people and not cars.Netherlands has a

Dworkin and legal positivists seek to provide guidelines for impartial Essay

Dworkin and legal positivists seek to reserve guidelines for impartial judicial decision making, but do so in incompatible ways and with different results. Discu - Essay Examplenon-Dworkian sense implies that the legal validity of a given norm, and hence whether it forms part of the impartiality of that system, depends on its sources, not its merits. This paper discusses the jurisprudential basis of impartiality in judicial decision-making based on the theory of Dworkin and juxtaposing the same with another contemporaneous legal positivist, Professor H.L.A stag.Dworkin, in his paper The Model of Rules, identifies and attributes to stag a four-fold doctrine2 (1) that law consists of rules (understood as legal standards that differ from what Dworkin calls principles) (2) that legal rules are place via a rule of recognition (3) that where a rule does not control a case, judges sire discretion and (4) that in those cases where judges have discretion, neither party has a pre-existing legal just to prevail. Dworkin rejects the merit of all these four doctrines, but for the purposes of the present essay we shall limit our discussion to the last dickens of these four doctrines identified by Dworkin. The purpose of this essay in so far as it attempts to set Dworkins theory with harts, shall be better served if prefaced by a brief survey of how Hart perceived the impact of judicial discretion on law-making. The variance in the two approach is scoop out illustrated by taking as an example the hard cases to be decided by a mash of law- that is, cases which have a unambiguously singular problem which has not be covered by the text edition of the relevant statute or which it is abundantly clear has never come within the contemplation of the legislature.Hart has consistently taken the view that, as a conceptual matter, what constitutes a question of law as hard is that the pre-existing law is substantively indeterminate with respect to that question and is insuff icient to determine a uniquely correct answer.3 Hard cases, therefore, arise because there is a gap or vacuum in the insurance coverage of pre-existing law. Since, in such

Of Mice and Men - Discuss the themes in the play Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men Discuss the themes in the play proveBy themes, I mean the ideas, which the author is trying to give us. Most authors do not economise just for pastime, unless to show us that there is a message that they would identical us to divulge behind the plot. Usually the ideas are ones that the author believes in deeply. The themes are under the following headings* desolationLoneliness affects many of the characters, and Steinbeck seems to show that it is a natural result of the mannequin of life they are forced to lead. The workers are caught in a trap of loneliness they never stay in one place considerable enough to form long lasting relationships. Even if the relationships existed, they would probably be destroyed by the demands of their life.confect is lonely beca social function he is old, and is different from the opposite hands. His only comfort is his old dog, which keeps him company and reminds him of days when he was young and whole. He has no relat ives, and once his dog is killed he is entirely alone. He eagerly grasps at the idea of buying a farm with George and Lennie, but of course this all comes to nothing. confects disappoint custodyt is shown in the tartness words he utters to the body of Curleys wife, who he blames for spoiling his ambitiousness.George is also caught in the trap of loneliness. Just as Candy has his dog for company, George has Lennie (who is often described in animal-like terms). George too is left completely alone when Lennie is killed. The dreaming farm is his idea, and he says Wed belong there no more runnin around the country other lonely character is Curleys wife. Newly married and in a strange place, she is forbidden by Curley to blither to anyone but him. She constantly approaches the cattle ranch hands on the excuse of looking for Curley. The only result is that the men regard her as a slut, and Curley becomes even more intensely jealous. Finally, her loneliness leads to her death as she makes the slip ones mind of trying to defeat it by playing with Lennie.Curley himself is lonely. His new wife hates him, as do all the ranch hands who dislike him for his cowardice. He has married, to try and escape his loneliness, but has chosen a wife totally inappropriate for the kind of life he desires. His feelings are all of aggressive behaviour, which places his wife further aside from him and leads to the incident with Lennie where his hand is crushed.Crooks is another who is isolated because he is different. He copes with it by keeping a withdrawnness between himself and the other hands. When he does allow himself to be drawn into the dream of working on George and Lennies dream farm, he is immediately shut out by Georges anger.* ViolenceThe story has many examples of a kind of needless violence. For example, Candy relates how the boss gave them whisky and allowed a fight to stimulate place in the bunkhouse.Curley is the some obvious violent character, and whenever he appears there is a feeling of tension.He causes George to remarkwhat the hells he got on his shoulder. Candy explains that Curley often picks on big guys (a sure sign of trouble for Lennie). We are prepared for Curleys later anger, which adds up at the end in his wish to shoot him in the guts.Carlson is another character associated with violence. He is unconcerned about killing Candys dog (and in fact cleans the gun in Candys presence). He goes to watch the fun when Curley thinks Slim may be with his wife, and later threatens Curley more, saying kick your head off. Later he is precise keen to get his gun to join in the hunt for Lennie. The last words in the contain belong to Carlson, and it is little surprise that they reveal his complete inability to understand Georges feelings about the death of Lennie.Compared to the other characters, Lennie reveals an unintentional violence. He does not even think to fight back when Curley attacks him, but when he does, it is with ample and u ncontrollable power. He has so little control over his own strength that he incidentally kills his puppy, and then minutes later snuffs out the life of Curleys wife.His actions on these occasions are compared to those of an animal, powerful but thoughtless. Curleys wife is attracted to him because of the violence he had shown in crushing her husbands hand. It is the threat of violence to be used against Lennie that causes George to take the final step of killing his friend.* DreamsDreams are one of the ways in which the characters fight the loneliness and despair of their day to day lives. The most obvious example is the dream farm, a dream shared at first only by George and Lennie, but which later spreads to include Candy and Crooks.Crooks reveals that it is the favourite dream of the ranchers Seems like ever guy got land in his head. It is a powerful dream, and even Crooks falls under its enlistment for a short time. To Lennie, the dream is a cure to disappointment and lonelines s, and he often asks George to say the verbal description of the farm to him again.Curleys wife is another who has dreams, her fantasies of a part in the movies and a life of luxury. Part of her sombreness with her life is that it can never measure up to her dreams.But, none of the characters ever achieve their dreams.* NatureSteinbeck shows that temperament is a beautiful and peaceful place, but threatened by the actions of men. The beginning of the story sets this pattern, as the creatures at the pool are disturbed by George and Lennies approach.The ranch and its buildings, being created by men, are in melodic phrase with the natural world. For example the bunkhouse is quite bare and stark. Even more unnatural is that Candy and Crooks are both deformed in appearance.Contrasted to these two characters is Lennie, who almost seems a part of the natural world as he is described in animal terms. In fact, one of Lennies dreams is to go and live by himself in a cave. Maybe this would be the only way in which the natural world of Lennie would not come into scrap with the world of men..Steinbeck referred to this story as a play/novel, and we are shown how closely it does resemble a play. severally section or chapter is set in a clearly defined place like a scene in a play. The beginning of each section contains detailed description, like stage directions in a play, while the rest of each section is mostly dialogue.This may seem like a rather unreal way to write a novel, but Steinbeck does it so well that we do not notice.A noticeable feature of the language of the novel is what a critic might call economy. champion result of this is that almost every sentence is important in one way or another, both in developing a character, moving the plot forward or hinting at action quiesce to come.Steinbeck has skilfully created a number of parallel events into the story. Candy and his dog provide a parallel to George and Lennie. And also, when Lennie kills Curleys wife , it echoes his anterior killing of the puppy. There are many such echoes and parallels in the book. Steinbeck has also shown us the way in which capturing the spoken language of the characters gives a better feel to the story. Most of them are uneducated, and this shows through in their use of broken and slang language. Even their uneducated pronunciation has been shownSteinbeck also uses colours and sounds to great effect. For example, Curleys wife is associated with red, emblematic of danger or passion perhaps. A further strong association is that of Lennie with animals. At various times he is described as a bull, a bear and a dog. Even when not instantly compared with an animal, he is described in animal terms. For example, his hand is a paw. This is particularly appropriate for Lennie, as he usually acts in the simple, natural way of an animal.Soledad is a real place in California and its note can mean loneliness or a lonely place. A cue to one of the major themes of the novel right at the beginning.

Brazilian Literature Essay Example for Free

Brazilian Literature EssayFor a long duration, Dom Casmurro, Machado de Assiss novel has moved its endorsers to opening a debate on if Santiagos married wo piece, Capitolina, had been faithful to Santiago. The fabricator was believed to take hold loved his wife since their childhood. His mother, who posterior passed on had deficiencyed the storyteller to get down pat(p) a priest thus avoid getting married to his girlfriend. They later got married but later starts to suspect the wife of an affair with Escobar, a close buddy of his. Escobar later on perishes in an stroke and the narrators wife got a baby boy, Ezekiel.The conflict of the narrator reaches climax as the citizenry around him indicates that the born child resembles Escobar. The narrator is unexpended sad with this as he accuses his wife of unfaithfulness and longs for revenge while on the other hand toilsome to prevent himself. The supposed infidelity of the narrators wife is not the principal(prenominal) i ssue, but the most debated issue in this novel is the manner in which reader is positioned by the novel in inquire or deciding the himself question or just his variation of the issue.In order to respond to such questions, one is expected to view the events in the novel in order to take position. The whole narration comes show up from the narrators view point as he converts the subjectivity into mere fiction. In the novel, the reader of the novel is enticed by the narrator, Casmurro into his confidence as well as existence manipulated to condemn Capitu, his wife. This makes the reader perceive him as a person who took the responsibility of his wifes cobblers last and the other reprehensible behaviors of the life he lived there after (Joaquim, Maria).There argon several clues in the presumed eyewitnesss account of truthfulness. But closely looking at the clues given by the narrator leaves one to finalize that the narrator is funding a lie and the itinerary in which the procl ivity he expresses in trying to fill in the central existence of his, fails since the fact of the life he is living is in a lacunae which he is not in a position to have it in the invoice of his life. Casmurro, right from start, portrays himself as the figure with authority in the story and starts to manipulate the audience.The insight into Casmurros qualityl traits is visualized in the first chapter as in DO titulo (the title) he tries to link to audience with the way in which he got his nickname Dom Casmurro. He goes ahead to inform the reader not to find the meaning of the news show Casmurro in the vocabulary, however, he indicates that it implies tight-lipped person who is withdrawn within himself. On the other hand, the name is a quondam(a) fashioned Lusitanian word defined by the dictionary as obstinate, bull-headed or fearful, withdrawn, aloof, dour and gloomy(Scott).The narrator is believed to have gotten his nick name from a young gentleman within his neighborhood wh o was feeling creation insulted by Casmurro. This name, Dom Casmurro was given to the narrator during one of his journeys by train to Engenho Novo. On the way, he met the young man who was reading some poems for him. Tired, Casmurro fell asleep even without getting what the young man was reading for him in his poems. The following day, the man whop felt ignored stated c anying the narrator Dom Casmurro. Because of the narrators humble nature, Dom was used in a belittling manner.The entire neighborhood saw the name Casmurro as being fitting to him so much that it got stuck. Casmurro makes the nickname the title of his story after giving it interpretation for the audience as well as discrediting it with a lot of humor. He goes ahead to portray himself as a sincere gentleman and an honest man. Looking at the meaning of the name in the dictionary leaves on to start questioning the truthfulness of the narrator (Assis and Gledson 246). The narrator, who just refers to himself as Dom Ca smurro, is reluctant in identifying his full-strength(a) identity.The audience only learns later on that Casmurros real name is Bento Santiago. The narrator does not want to assume this identity but prefers to remain just as Dom Casmurro. He later tries to recall all the happenings of his earlier life hoping to go on with reorganizing his life the way it used to be. As he gives sub expression of his memoirs, he talks of some recollections which he refers to as charming and sweet. As the narrator promises to provide a faithful narration of his earlier life, he besides posses the expectations of having the reader taking his story as true but not con spotr issue outside the meaning of his narration.The question the reader is left asking himself or herself is whether he or she endure believe whatever the narrator is saying. With this said it is clear that Casmurro wants to recant the influence of the story as well as difference the whole story in the readers hands. He does this b y inviting the audience to have the gaps in the story filled. But the reader is left with little chance to do so since he is making sure that the reader adopts to his views and ignores the questions out side this. But the reader can condone the narrators behaviors if he decides to expose them.In trying to tell the story from his own point of view, the narrator wants to create a link of trust as well as establish confidence with the audience. But he has indicated to the reader a number of his switch as well as discounting the sternness with unwarranted explanations for behaving in that manner. Casmurro comes out to be unable to nourishment the needed control over the audience in the chapter. In order to fill in this gaps the reader, can do so by taking the case of the narrator has been in long defense of himself. By misleading the reader in the sign narration, Casmurro conflates Bento Santiago with Dom Casmurro.The narrator is sufficient distinct from bento Santiago and necessita te to be another character. As in the events which follow this, the narrator used the name Casmurro as the persona in the narrative to give picture of his life and allow him to relinquish the responsibilities that could be associated with Santiago wants life. The real truth of the story lies in the gaps left for the reader to fill which appears to be the responsibilities of the reader, thus the reader has to elect the role to play. The name Casmurro does not appear as the most fitted title for this story since it does not flow with the ideas of the story.The spend This is a novel which takes one back to the history of a naturalistic figurehead of Brazil, in which the major characters are pass residents in the Botafogo neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro which contributed to a great part of the societal problems experient in the ordering. This kind of live has disordered the passs growth and development for many years. One of the main characters, Joao Romao arrives in a scene of the pass area yarning for property and more power. This indicates how the powerful have concentrated resources to them selves forgetting the low ones in the slum.The rich and powerful ordering of Brazilian as alienated from the Brazilian culture leaving the poor to struggle on their own. Many large number, in the initial setting are exposed to the vinegarish slum live. The rich are depicted as being greedy merchants who like associating them selves with the Portuguese (Joaquim 254). The roles of the women in the slum include being submissive family heads, prostitutes, subjects to the rich and objects. There is a lot of racism exhibited considering the way the blacks are treated by the Portuguese and the Italians.Bertoleza, a slave grocer living in the ghetto, represents the many people fighting to make survival. She sells ox baits and fried fish. She is a symbol of the many slum dwellers who are in their situation because of being black which is seen as the cost of working a ll day long for the masters. She whole works hard despite the low wages she raises from her job. Development in the slum is indicated when she intents to use some of the money she earns to purchase an earth strip for expansion of her business and built a house for herself as she is weary of the informal house she lives in the centre of the Rio de Janeiro slum.The slum people have created a social macrocosm. precise early in the morning the slum live starts, the residents open not their eyes but their timelessness of doors and allied windows. The characters exhibited to in the slum as fighting, working, copulating, singing or even singing. The slum comes out as a place where the blacks as well as the mulattos are ever engaged in scrambles with the Portuguese and Italian in order to move up from the bottom line of the social food chain.This indicates a live that lack social pathologies, violence, sordid betrayals, illicit sexual relationships, lesbians and homosexuals as well as cardinalpenny prostitution business, illicit liquor, increased drug abuse and small organized crimes associated with increasing juvenile delinquency. The Portuguese civilians in the slum represent by Jeronimo and his wife find a group of people represented by Rita Baiana and Firmino who are the poor residents of the slum in the normal slum social groups.The story of the slum is also concerned with the love affair of Romao, a land owner in the slum who gives out everything as well as his Brazilian wife in order to win a washcloth lady and those of his land tenants ending up destroying several lives including those of spitfire Rita Bahiana and Jeronimo and his own too. He had risen from being a proprietor of a small business to a slum dog lord. This represents the urban discontent, is portrayed to have its people having some personal traits which exhibit rampant materialism as well as souls which are restlessly shaped and influenced by great ambition and desire to gain power and im mediacy.The social vices exhibited in the slum are as a result of the poverty associated with the slum which has driven its people to desire for more than what the society they are living in can offer. These are exhibited as the characters of most slum dwellers who survive at any opportunity, given the chance to find their breakthrough. The people with money in this society have taken the advantage of the situation to get cheap sexual satisfaction from the Poors wives. The near by neighborhood of Portuguese is seen as being rich one. The interaction of the Portuguese with the slum dwellers starts is believed to bring some changes to the slum.It is due to this that the slum dwellers start to have closer relationships with the Portuguese who employ them in better jobs. Others get into personal relationships or even marriage with the Portuguese attracting better packs for their lives as the straw man of the Portuguese increases in the slum. They start get interest of developing the sl um into a better milieu where they would invest. Some developments are portrayed when some of the rich slum people like Romao establishes a aim and goes ahead to in invite Jeronimo to help in its management.With so much rivalry developing in the slum due to hatred and envy of some Brazilian getting associated with the Portuguese, the slum is burned down at some point. Later on, it is built up with some improvement in the building structure by the middle class society thus eliminating the initial state of poverty and disorganization experienced by the slum dwellers before. This changes the former kind of live style that the slum dwellers had adapted. As the intermingling of the Brazilians with the Portuguese increase, the direct and standard of living went up. The former slum dwellers started to live in better houses.The number of marriages between the two societies increased and more investments were started in the former slum area which had developed into better residential area . after the slum is burnt and some new houses are developed by the middle class, most of the vices exhibited initial by the slum society are not any more. The cases of illicit sexual relationships, fights and poor house are replaced by a society which has burning desire for development, as the middle class society starts to put their interest for investment which turns the once unhealthy society into a meaningful livelihood suitable for human settlement.Other characters exhibited by the Brazilian slum live include the peoples despair, the slum excitement, and the perfumes. The dwellers of the slum always have the ever burning desire to live the lives of the neighborhood which is full of luxury. The slum itself is perceived as an organic unit, with all sorts of live present there. After the development, the slum starts to fills with urban college students and artists who also contribute to its gentrification.The slum life was initially portrayed as full of sadness and tragedy as see n in its naturalism but with these developments some sense of lively hoods have started to be seen. Another major development of the slum is the manner of ownership that is shown before and after the burning and housing of the land. Initially, the bigger component of the slum land was owned by some few individuals such as the slum lord, Joao Pomao who is seen as one of the big hypocrites and who exhibited a lot of control over the slum many landless.After the merriment of new houses most of the land was owned by several middle class people. Work Cited Caldwell, Hellen. The Brazilian Othello of Machado de Assis. Berkeley University of California Press. 1953. Joaquim, Maria. Machado de Assis. Dom Casmurro, Berkeley University of California Press. 1953. Scott, Infanger. Living a Lie the Silence of Truth in Dom Casmuro, Vanderbilt University, 2002, viewed on 13 July 2009 from http//www. umassd. edu/cas/portuguese/lyinginportuguese-texts/scott-livingalie. doc Assis, Machado and Gleds on, Joao. Dom Casmurro. New York Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 246.

Study of Integrated Science Essay Example for Free

Study of integrate acquisition EssayThe richness of light in todays world is overwhelming and thus the nurture system by come out the world has ge ard itself to stick out the required determineing in scientific skills to meet this growing challenge. legion(predicate) countries take on transformed themselves from silly feudal type economies by the increasing application of attainment and technology. China and India atomic number 18 two owing(p) examples as they have grown to become economic and industrial power ho aims and in several slip counsel compete effectively with developed countries.Any country which does non give the needed assistance to the milling machineryject of accomplishment usually lacks development. Through father, bridges are constructed, vehicles realityufactured, roads constructed and friendship expanded. In spite of the relevance of recognition menti unrivalledd above, the pupils of Mampamhwe M/A JHS 2 have difficulty in ingesti ng and understanding knowledge. The triplet surveys of pure light and unmatchable applied science (Agricultural science) have been combined to form the basis for the dis describe of science at the subaltern spunky school. Collectively, they are known as integrate science.During the end-of- marge examination, less than 40% of the thirty five (35) pupils in the flesh barely get above the average mark of cardinal (50) in merged science. The pupils mentality that, co-ordinated science is difficult and brusk methods of doctrine apprizeful be counted as factors that have facilitated the poor effect of the pupils in the subject. Not using the scientific method of work out problems in the t for each oneing of scientific problems and solving practical questions raises an eyebrow on how pupils open fire grasp the cin one casepts of the subject.With pupils subsisting in a community which major occupation is solid ground (cocoa to be precise) and pupils themselves engaging in farming activities, it would have served as a good ground for the application of agricultural science and biology which forms commence of integrated science. But this seems not to be the case with the pupils. With the relevance of the call for of science to the improvement of the pupils sagaciousness and intent and as well to the community as a farming one, prompted the tec to subscribe to and investigate slipway of improving the study of integrated science at JHS 2. Statement of the problemThe problem which prompted the enquiryer to slabber out this search is the poor doing of pupils in integrated science among the JHS 2 pupils of Mampamhwe M/A. It is therefore against this background that the research worker has decided to use the experiential approach to assistant solve this problem. Purpose of the study The reason why the tec is carrying out this research is to a) Identify the causes of the poor functioning of pupils of Mampamhwe M/A JHS 2 in integrated scie nce. b) Assess the effects of the poor performance in integrated science on the pupils. ) Establish possible solutions that squirt help solve the poor performance in integrated science. d) Provide teachers with some guidelines in improving the teaching and studying of integrated science. e) Help parents understand the conditions that they can put in limit to help their wards improve their performance in integrated science. f) Provide suggestions to managers of education in Ghana when planning the syllabus. Research questions Research questions for this study include the following i) What difficulties do pupils of Mampamhwe M/A JHS 2 face in the study of integrated science? i) What are the major causes of the poor performance of the pupils in integrated science? iii) What are the appropriate interpolations that can be taken to address the problem? iv) What is the effect of the project on the problem? Significance of the study This research bequeath help pupils to recognize effec tive shipway of larn integrated science which can bring about an improve performance in the subject. It will in like manner help teachers of integrated science to vary their techniques or methods of teaching and choose methods according to the nature of the upshot.Last but not least, it will in like manner enable platform planners to include this practical work in the JHS science syllabus so that pupils at the junior high schools can make use of it. Delimitations This project work is limited to improving the performance of integrated science among besides JHS 2 pupils of Mampamhwe M/A. This is because that is the stratum that the researcher was assigned to teach and has fair familiarity of their cultivation abilities. Also, out of all the subjects on the JHS 2 timetable, the researcher chose to carry out his research on livelong integrated science since its the subject assigned to him to teach.Last but not least, there were umteen approaches that could have been appl y for this study but the researcher deemed it best to use the experiential approach boldness of the study The research work is organized in five master(prenominal) chapters. Chapter one is titled understructure and it comprises the background to the study, statement of the problem, purpose of the study, research questions, significance of the study, delimitations, limitations and organization of the study. Chapter two is the reexamination of related belles-lettres. It consists of the minds and views of former(a) writers, internet and different sources.Chapter 3 discusses the methodology which includes the research practice, population and sample pick, research instrument, selective information battle array procedure and data analysis plan. Chapter four considers the analysis of data based on the findings and discussions of the findings. The last chapter summarizes, concludes and in like manner makes recommendation after the study. Literature review Review of related lite rature in this chapter involves the positive identification, local anestheticization and analysis of documents containing tuition related to the research problem.It is designed to review works on the wideness of the study of science in the basic school. The knowledge gained through the study of science plays an substantial role in the general education of the school curriculum, therefore, a large number of studies pertaining to the teaching and apprizeing of science by many educationist and writers. This chapter considers the contributions of other researchers and their proposal suggestions for correcting these difficulties. The contributions are placed under the following headings in this chapter. Definitions of science. What is integrated science? Importance of science. Importance of science education as a school subject. Causes of poor performance of pupils in integrated science. experiential method of teaching. Definitions of science According to Websters New Collegi ate Dictionary, the definition of science is Knowledge attained through study or practice, or Knowledge covering general truths of the consummation of general laws, e excessly as obtained and tested through scientific method and concerned with the physical world. accomplishment refers to a system of acquiring knowledge.This system uses observation and experimentation to describe and explain inbred phenomena. The endpoint science also refers to the organized body of knowledge peck have gained using that system. Less formally, the script science often describes any systematic field of study or the knowledge gained from it. (http//www. sciencemadesimple. com) According to Wikipedia (2012), Science is obtained from the Latin word scientia, it means knowledge. It furthered on to say that, science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.An older and closely related meaning still in use tod ay is that found for example in Aristotle, whereby science refers to the body of reliable knowledge itself, of the type that can be logically and rationally explained. (http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Science). It goes on to say that, in modern use, science is a term which more often refers to a way of pursuing knowledge, and not the knowledge itself. Dictionary. com (2012) defines science as a branch of knowledge or study dealing with a body of facts or truths systematically logical and showing the operation of general laws.World English Dictionary (2009) also defines science as the systematic study of the nature and behavior of the material and physical universe, based on observation, experiment, and measurement, and the prep of laws to describe these facts in general terms. The medical dictionary (2002) also says science isthe observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of phenomena. Such activities qualified to explaining a limited form of natural phenomena.Such activities applied to an object of inquiry or study. The science dictionary (2002) also defines science as the investigation of natural phenomena through observation, theoretical explanation, and experimentation, or the knowledge produced by such investigation. It continues to state that science makes use of the scientific method, which includes the careful observation of natural phenomena, the formulation of a hypothesis, the conducting of one or more experiments to test the hypothesis, and the drawing of a conclusion that onfirms or modifies the hypothesis. In general, science can be defined as the systematic observation and classification of natural phenomena in order to learn about them and bring them under general principles and laws. According to Twumasi (2009), Science has three main branches, namely interpersonal chemistry, Biology and Physics. Chemistry is an experimental study of substances and the useful compounds that can be formed from these substances. Chemistry also has three branches which include inorganic, organic and physical chemistry.Physics is concerned with the forces that exist amidst objects and the interrelationships betwixt matter and nothing. Biology is the study of living things and their interactions with the milieu. Biology is also divide into plants, animals and ecology. What is integrated science? Integrated Science is a straight forward, easy-to-read, but substantial introduction to the fundamental behavior of matter and energy in living and non-living systems.It is intended to serve the needs of non-science individuals who are required to complete one or more science courses as part of a general or basic studies requirement. It introduces basic concepts and recognize bases while providing opportunities for students to learn reasoning skills and a new way of thinking about their environment. According to wiki. resolves. com, integrated science is a combine study of all areas of t he sciences or the introduction of some areas in sciences.It goes on to try to differentiate between science and integrated science by explaining that integrated science is a course with merged topics like biology, chemistry, etc. whilst science is a big body of knowledge, it is about everything roughly us even inside our own body. Importance of science Below are some importance of science as identified by www. mikebrotherton. com. 1. Science exercises the mind and teaches logical thinking. 2. Science encourages skepticism and teasing assumptions and looking at things in different ways. 3.Making important decisions based on science sooner of superstition or demagoguery or hatred or fear etc often produces better results. 4. The techniques of science (logic, testing hypothesis, gathering, data, etc) can be applied in quotidian life for small personal problems and activities (purchasing decisions, contend games, cooking, debugging software, etc), not just for big issues like phys ics, astronomy, technological development, etc. 5. Through the study of science, horrible diseases can be cured, or prevented entirely, and it can still try hope for those with as-yet-incurable diseases. . Through science, people who love each other can talk to each other whenever they want no matter how far away they are in the world, and can be together the next day through improved ways of communication and transport. 7. Science can show us what has caused mass extinctions and point the way to preventing similar catastrophes in the future. 8. Science can make us feel big and special for understanding the age of the Earth, the nature of stars, and the size of the universe, even if those things dwarf us. 9.Science gives us superpowers, like looking across the universe, seeing atoms, passing across the Earth or to the moon, moving mountains, and harnessing the energy of the sun. 10. Science has helped us to understand ourselves and the environment. 11. It shows the best way of so lving problems. Importance of science education as a school subject Science, as a subject is universal and knows no boundaries. The claims of Science for inclusion in the school curriculum came to be recognized after years of active and persistent efforts.Science almost revolutionarized human life and proved substantive for existence of man. Now, supremacy of Science has been established in every field. In fact, so extensive is its importance for man and society that the present day people live in an age of science. No one perhaps needs an explanation at present to include science in the school curriculum. enactment Wilson, a far-famed educationist in 1867, in support of inclusion of science as a School subject wrote, Science teaches what evidence is, what proof is. English, History, Geography, Classics etc. re taught because they provide a promiscuous education. The main object of imparting education is to turn out in discriminateigent citizens able to appreciate and sleep t ogether the beauty and wonder of Nature. They should be efficient in all walks of life and should take delight in the wealthiness of culture of past generations and civilizations. Hence, Science should form an essential part of the curriculum as it is the only subject which affords knowledge of authorized facts and laws and helps in achieving the main object of education. According to www. preservearticles. om, Prakash (2011), the following are the arguments in favor of integrated Science to be placed in School Curriculum 1. Science provides singular training in observation and reasoning. Science students reason from definitely ascertained facts and form clear concepts. It makes one systematic and enables him to form an objective judgment. 2. The discoveries have added to the prosperity of human race with vast increase of knowledge. Herbert Spencer in his, What Knowledge is of Most Worth gives information which study of Science furnishes. According to him, Science discipline is uncomparably more useful for our guidance in life.Other chief subjects too provide an intellectual training not inferior to that of Science. Practically, we live in a world of scientific discoveries. So science education cannot be neglected. 3. Prof. H. E. Armstrong says that Science is taught to provide training in and knowledge of Scientific method, which is useful in the life pursuits. So this needs a School base of Science education. 4. Science has its cultural value. It has a literature of its own. The Scientific discoveries of Galileo, Newton, Faraday, Darwin, Pasteur, Kelvin, Bose, Armstrong and others are treasures of mankind.So, Science has won the first rank of humanistic studies. 5. Science has utilitarian value. It trains the small fry to use his leisure properly. These are clearly illustrated in scientific hobbies. 6. Modern knowledge of Science provides great intellectual pleasure. An educated person is under very great disadvantage if he is not familiar with that kn owledge. 7. Knowledge of the methods of observation and experiment in the different branches of Science helps pupils to develop a logical mind, a critical judgment and a capacity for methodical organization. . Science is useful in that it remedies some of the defects of the modal(a) school education. It is found to be the most valuable element in the education of those who show special aptitude. Science provides discipline of mind. Causes of poor performance of pupils in integrated science The poor performance of pupils in integrated science can be attributed to many factors. Alsop (1985) said if science is to be learned affectively it mustinessiness be experient, (UNESCO, 1973). The laboratory is a unique fact of science education.Tamir (1989) also said that in the developing countries especially sub Saharan Africa, there are a number of factors contributing to the poor performance in science. Thus low per capital income, predominantly rural populations, economy based on pri mary quill products, experience of political independence and limited access to school particularly at the secondary aim. The sub Saharan Africa is the region which has the greatest difficulties in providing the normal facilities of trained teachers, laboratories and equipment for teaching practical science. Also Toh (1990) said, prior knowledge, attitude to school, attitude to cience and academic self concept affect success in the performance in science investigation, and he continued to say that explicit understanding is not adequate for success in science investigation. Moreover, Torto (2003) said, gender disparity in education also leads to poor performance in science especially among woman. She said, pistillate still have low access to education, low participation and poor performance in many subject. Many factors which are home, community and school based, continue to restrict development pistillate education she said further that, factors within the classroom are not onl y uses of gender imbalances in education.Home based factors which include family size, household income, parents education, cultural and traditional beliefs all contributed substantially to poor female enrolment in school. Gott and Mishiter (1987) also added that, science education is in a state of rapid change. In recent years there has been an ongoing roll concerning the importance of concepts and process in our science courses. This debate has been brought into tighter focus since the autumn of 1988 in England and Whales with the advent of the national curriculum in science.Shito (1958) stated in the daily graphic that the community regards science students who are females as witches and ugly. In addition to this, Femsa project staff (1995) conducted and presented a research on the availability of resources and facilities for teaching and knowledge science as well as mathematics in Africa. They said that, where resources and facilities such as teacher textbooks, laboratories, c hemicals, tools, textbooks, laboratory tools and equipment, teaching aids, store, office etc. are inadequate, it makes the teaching of science to become teacher centered.This type of approach is heavily dominated by the teacher as he or she lectures the subject, gives notes and demonstrates the practical aspect of the lessons. The students remain passive participants expected to listen and value only. July (1925) said if science education is to be lectures and demonstration, then no results could be achieved in the future. He also added that any school that claims to teach science only theoretically is not a school. Morii (1434) said, a teacher is capable of teaching and implementing quality education if he is attached what he is suppose to be attached (an ancient scientist. He also added that the poor performance of science is due to low motivation given(p) to teachers. According to Dzama (1999) causes of poor performance of pupils in science is as a results of absence of vocat ional incentives rather than by conflict between science and African traditional values and beliefs. He argued that conflict between science and traditional beliefs and values is not peculiar to Africans. He also demonstrated that in the harvest-home of science in developed countries, improvement in the performance of students succeeded rather than proceeded industrial and technological development.Experiential method of teaching According to Wikipedia (2012), experiential learning is the process of devising meaning from direct experience. but put, Experiential Learning is learning from experience. The experience can be staged or left open. Aristotle once said, For the things we have to learn before we can do them, we learn by doing them. David A. Kolb helped to popularize the idea of experiential learning, drawing heavily on the work of John Dewey, Kurt Lewin and Jean Piaget. His work on experiential learning has contributed greatly to expanding the philosophy of experiential education.Experiential learning focuses on the learning process for the individual. An example of experiential learning is going to the zoo and learning through observation and interaction with the zoo environment, as impertinent to reading about animals from a book. Experiential learning requires no teacher and relates solely to the meaning qualification process of the individuals direct experience. However, though the gaining of knowledge is an inherent process that occurs naturally, for a genuine learning experience to occur, there must exist certain elements.According to David Kolb, an American educational theorist, knowledge is endlessly gained through both personal and environmental experiences. He states that in order to gain genuine knowledge from an experience, certain abilities are required 1. the learner must be willing to be actively involved in the experience 2. the learner must be able to reflect on the experience 3. the learner must possess and use analytical skill s to conceptualize the experience and 4. The learner must possess decision making and problem solving skills in order to use the new ideas gained from the experience.Experiential learning can be a highly effective educational method. It engages the learner at a more personal level by addressing the needs and wants of the individual. Experiential learning requires qualities such as self-initiative and self-evaluation. For experiential learning to be truly effective, it should employ the whole learning wheel, from goal setting, to experimenting and observing, to reviewing, and finally action planning. This complete process allows one to learn new skills, new attitudes or even entirely new ways of thinking.Most educators understand the important role experience plays in the learning process. A fun learning environment, with plenty of laughter and paying attention for the learners abilities, also fosters an effective experiential learning environment. It is vital that the individual is encouraged to directly involve themselves in the experience, in order that they gain a better understanding of the new knowledge and retain the information for a longer time. As stated by the ancient Chinese philosopher, Confucius, tell me and I will forget, show me and I may remember, involve me and I will understand.According to learning consultants, experiential learning is about creating an experience where learning can be facilitated. How do you create a well-crafted learning experience? The key lies in the facilitator and how he or she facilitates the learning process. An excellent facilitator believes in the creed You teach some by what you say, teach more by what you do, but most of all, you teach most by who you are. And while it is the learners experience that is most important to the learning process, it is also important not to forget the wealth of experience a good facilitator also brings to the situation.An effective experiential facilitator is one who is passionate about his or her work and is able to immerse participants totally in the learning situation, allowing them to gain new knowledge from their peers and the environment created. These facilitators stimulate the imagination, keeping participants hooked on the experience. Creating an experiential learning environment can be contest for educators who have been taught through traditional classroom techniques. Identifying activities that allow learners to understand and absorb concepts can be a new and daunting experience.However, by providing direct experience in addition to standard indite and ocular materials, learners with different types of learning styles and strengths can be accommodated. Sudbury model of democratic education schools assert that much of the learning going on in their schools, including values, justice, democracy, arts and crafts, professions, and frequently academic subjects, is done by learning through experience. Summary Science can be defined as the systematic observation and classification of natural phenomena in order to learn about them and bring them under general principles and laws.Science has been part of man in time past and has even become more of mans life in recent years. The usefulness of science can be seen by the things around us the roads, bridges, cars, computers, refrigerators etc. The selection and study of some aspects of science as a whole is what is termed as integrated science. To defend the study of integrated science and science as a whole in schools, Canon Wilson, a famous educationist in 1867, wrote, Science teaches what evidence is, what proof is. According to Prakash (2011), Science learning is incomparably more useful for our guidance in life.Many researchers are of the view that, learning is best understood when it is experienced as stated by the ancient Chinese philosopher, Confucius, tell me and I will forget, show me and I may remember, involve me and I will understand. According to David Kolb, an American educational theorist, knowledge is continuously gained through both personal and environmental experiences. Also, Aristotle once said, For the things we have to learn before we can do them, we learn by doing them. According to learning consultants, experiential learning is about creating an experience where learning can be facilitated.An excellent facilitator believes in the creed You teach some by what you say, teach more by what you do, but most of all, you teach most by who you are. This chapter talks about the research design that the researcher used in solving the problem, the population and sampling solution, research instruments, data collection procedure and data analysis plan. It also describes the type of research used in the study. It also involves the method of data collection, pre-Intervention, intervention and post- intervention stages.Research design Research design is a plan which specifies how data relating to a given problem should be collected and analyzed. It p rovides the procedural outline for conduct of any given investigation. The research design used is an action research design which is directed towards solving a specific problem at the classroom level. This type of research is usually undertaken by either a teacher or conference of teachers in a school to solve a peculiar problem in the classroom or in the school as a whole. The design makes work very easier and simpler.This is due to the fact that, it does not involve inconveniences such as travelling etc. The design deals with a particular group of people in a given area concerned and helps to solve the problems which specifically affect him/her. Action research also helps the teacher to understand what actually goes on in teaching and learning situations. It is important in the sense that, it does not only enhance teachers professional status but also promotes teachers personal improvement of his/her practices. It is through action research that the teacher can pass judgment hi s or her teaching effectively.Action research is also conducted with the purpose of solving classroom or local school problems through the application of the scientific method. Moreover action research helps teachers to understand better, all aspects of their practices in relation to the subject content, the curriculum, and the methods that are more appropriate to the levels of pupils in their class. Finally, action research helps teachers to be furnished with knowledge on the various approaches or methods that they can use to suit the children they teach.In spite of the outline strength, the results of the design cannot be generalized. This is because the design does not cover a wide range of people and it seeks to reveal and solve a problem affecting a particular group of people. This tends to be a impuissance on the part of the action research. Population and sampling selection A population of 113 pupils at the junior high school was used for the study at Mampamhwe M/A JHS in the Obuasi Municipal Assembly. though this number at the junior high school was considered, JHS 2 class was sampled for the study.The average age of the sampled class was fourteen (14) years. The table below shows the distribution of the sampled class. Table 3. 1 Distribution of pupils gender Gender issuance Percentage (%) Boys 16 44 Girls 20 56 Total 36 100 This class was elect for the research because the researcher was assigned to teach Integrated Science in that class. Research Instruments I used two main strategies to detect how pupils learnt science. I initially had with pupils an oral discussion on a science topic and afterwards asked pupils oral questions on it.An exercise was later given to pupils based on the equivalent topic discussed. Discussion The discussion method was aimed at finding out how pupils understand the principles of a topic if orally narrated and discussed in class. Discussion method stimulates critical thinking. Frequent questions whether asked by the researcher or the pupils, provide means of measuring learning and exploring in-depth the key concepts of the course. During discussions, pupils answers to questions could help the researcher to determine whether they have experienced what they are saying or they just read them from books.Exercise The purpose of the class exercise was to allow pupils to freely express themselves in the way they understood the topic that has just been taught. Pupils answers to questions will give the researcher the idea on how best they understand a topic when orally discussed with them. It also gives the researcher a clearer idea of how pupils think science is. Whether they think science is a written down facts that can never be tampered with or they think science is everything that goes on around them and they can verify each and every aspect of it. Data Collection Procedure Pre-Intervention StageA lesson on corrosion and rusting from page 25 of pupils text book was selected and delivered by discussion method. Pupils had the basic concept of corrosion and rusting but could not different between the two. The factors responsible for rusting to occur were also discussed and a couple of(prenominal) points were written for pupils to copy. From pupils answers given during the discussion, the researcher observed that pupils knew that rusting occurs on metals when they are left in the rain but cannot exactly tell what is responsible for it. This was explained to pupils. An exercise was then conducted to see how pupils understood the lesson.The exercise required pupils to state whether or not an iron can rust if it was kept a) under a bed b) on the ceiling c) in hot water d) inside a refrigerator e) in a hot water with anoint spilt on the surface. Though pupils contributions to the discussion were favorable, about one-fourth of the class was able to score 3 out of 5 in the exercise. This showed that, pupils may have understood what was taught in the class but cannot apply it i n real life situations. I looked at the exercise and recorded pupils correct answers without marking so that pupils could not tell whether they were correct or wrong.Besides that, there might have been some pupils in the class whose attention was somewhere else or did not understand what was been discussed but since most of the class were contributing, the researcher took it that, the whole class was contributing to the discussion. In practical lessons, this problem cannot be overlooked. Intervention Stage The class was divided into four (4) groups and each group was given an experiment to carry out. Each group was given three (3) new iron nails. The first group was asked to put their nails into a plastic or rubber container, cover it and place it under a bed for a week.The second group was asked to add water to their nails in a plastic container and place it inside the school refrigerator. The container should be left open. The third group was asked to also put their nails in boile d water, cover it and keep it for a week. The fourth group was also asked to place their nails into boiled water, pour oil on the surface and cover it tightly. After a week, pupils presented their experiments to the class and explained to the class the apparatus used for the experiment and what happened at the end of the experiment.Each member of the group had his/her own written report of how he/she saw the experiment go. One member of each group does the presentation with the other group members standing behind him/her. After the explanation, questions are thrown to the group and the other members are to answer. just about of the nails rusted whilst others did not. The absence of atmospheric oxygen in the boiled water covered with oil did not allow those nails to rust. So besides the fourth groups setup, the rest of the setups caused the nails to rust due to the straw man of oxygen or moisture. Post-Intervention StageThe class exercise that was given to pupils during the pre-int ervention stage was again given to pupils to answer again. This time the researcher marked the exercise and saw many changes as compared to the answers they wrote before the intervention stage. Many wrong answers pupils wrote in the first exercise were corrected. Limitations Many problems may militate against this study but the few ones I would like to enumerate here include 1. Problem of finance The researcher will have to travel to other tertiary institutions to use their libraries if the researchers local library cannot provide the unavoidable books needed.Money will also be spent to buy airtime and data bundles to enable research on the World Wide Web. Without money, all these cannot be possible. 2. Time factor The time at the disposal of the researcher is very limited and for that matter may not permit such an intensive coverage. Also there might be other written documents which may contain detailed information about this research work but due to the limited time available to the researcher, he may not review those documents.

Cover Letter Essay Example for Free

Cover garner EssayI would like to apply for the role of Intermediate Support Developer in your organization as the details of the job role and company itself are very appealing to me. I pass water enwrap my resume for your consideration. I am an enthusiastic and high-achieving IT professional with a Masters of Computer Science. I have exceptional skilful and analytical skills, with over 3 years experience in providing application attendant at level 1 and 2 for critical line of descent applications with additional duties of unit and integration testing, technical documentation and prioritising and allocation of user tickets. I possess the ability to take initiative with a prescribed and friendly attitude.My excellent communication skill helps me understand users requirements to provide them with an excellent node service. Working in a highly dynamic work environment, has given me the sound knowledge of interacting with business users and external stake holders, finding te chnical solutions, answering questions quickly, and leaving a mark of satisfaction in customers mind. You will find me to be positive, ready to learn and hardworking who has ability to multitask and take effectively with non-technical users. I believe my attitude, expertise, skills, and excellent time management skills will prove to be an summation to the organization. Thank you for your time and I look forward to hearing from you.

Everyday Use Essay Example for Free

day-after-day Use seekEveryday Use is tale of two siblings who are the exact opposite of each other and how they expectation the world around them. Dee and Maggie are on the opposite ends of the spectrum, as Dee is more of an outgoing woman who fierily pursued education to get away from her humble beginnings. She wanted to be successful as her develop recalls Dee (Wanergo) wanted nice things, while Maggie perpetually embraced the conventional role of woman (Walker 273).Dee is not quite womanish like her sister as she says I can kill and clean a hog as mercilessly as a man (273). How ever, Maggie is an introvert who prefers being at home and doing household chores. Maggie, ever since her accident is not so confident, as her mom recalls she will stand hopeless in corners, sheer and ashamed (272). Dee is also very selfish and inconsiderate about her familys feelings, as she views her family pacifier as a mere cultural artifacts and tries to take away it away from them with no remorse.On the contrary, Maggie never tries to cut through her sister any of her, although it may at the cost of her own happiness. Her mom says that Maggie thinks her sister has held life always in the palm of one hand (272). However, she is very saddened by her wanting to take away the quilt that she and her grandmother made with their own hands. However, Dee says Maggie cant appreciate these quilts, failing to see the sentimental nurse of the quilt to her sister (278). ConclusionDee is more pretentious as she tries to put up an African section to sound more cultured and cosmopolitan. She changes her name and her appearance to suit her new found African inheritance and justifies it by saying I couldnt bear it any longer being named after the sight who oppress me (276). Maggie, on the other hand, is content with her life and comfortable with her African-American descent.Works CitedPage Walker, A. (1973). Everyday Use. In Love and Trouble, 272-276.

Therapeutic Cloning to Obtain Embryonic Stem Essay Example for Free

Therapeutic Cloning to Obtain Embryonic Stem assayTherapeutic Cloning to Obtain Embryonic Stem Cells Is Immoral The stage is to cause each of us to intend deeply about whether thither is either essential dissimilitude between the reality of World state of war II national socialist experiments and remediation clone. In this two- fork view denominate, David A. Prentice and William Saunders discuss the science and the ethics of sanative copy. In the commencement ceremony part, Prentice argues that creating clones for the purpose of embryonic stem cell research, c eithered curative cloning, is no different from reproductive cloning, which creates a keep hu small-arm child. Also, he call fors out, therapeutic cloning is not therapeutic for the embryo. In the second part of the viewpoint, Saunders builds on Prentices argument and goes even further. He argues that therapeutic cloning is really no different than the frightening experiments performed by the Nazis during Wo rld War II. Saunders notes that supporters of embryonic stem cell research contend that the research is undecomposed to humankind however, Saunders argues, the Nazis used this same reasoning to Justify research on the mentally ill, the disabled, and the feeble-minded.Prentice and Saunders be senior fellows at the Family Research Council, a onservative Christian think tank and lobbying organization. As you read, consider the quest questions 1. Why does Prentice claim that therapeutic cloning will lead to reproductive cloning? 2. What was the point of the Nuremberg encrypt, according to Saunders? 3. Why does Saunders say that therapeutic cloning violates the Nuremberg enrol? Part I Cloning eternally starts with an embryo. The most common technique proposed for human cloning is called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).This cloning is accomplished by transferring the nucleus from a human somatic (body) cell into an egg cell which has had its chromosomes outback(a) or inactivat ed. SCNT produces a human embryo who is virtually genetically identical to an existing or previously existing human being. Proponents of human cloning hold out two hopes for its use (1) the population of children for infertile couples (so-called reproductive cloning), and (2) the suppuration of medical miracles to cure diseases by harvest-timeing embryonic stem cells from the cloned embryos of patients (euphemistically termed therapeutic cloning).All Human Cloning Produces a Human Being All human cloning is reproductive. It createsreproducesa new, developing human intended to be virtually identical to the cloned subject. Both reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning use exactly the same technique to create the clone, and the cloned embryos are indistinguishable. The subroutine, as well as the product, is identical. The clone is created as a new, single-cell embryo and grown in the science lab for a few days. and so it is either embed in the womb of a surrogate mother (repr oductive cloning) or destroyed to harvest its embryonic stem cells for experiments (therapeutic cloning). It is the same embryo, used for different purposes. In fact, the cloned embryo at that stage of development cannot be egg and sperm. Trying to call a cloned embryo something other than an embryo is not holy or scientific. Biologically and genetically speaking, what is created is a human being its species is Homo sapiens. It is uncomplete fish nor fowl, neither monkey nor cowit is human.Created in Order to Be Destroyed Therapeutic cloning is obviously not therapeutic for the embryo. The new human is specifically created in order to be destroyed as a source of tissue C, as Robert P. Lanza and colleagues report in a 2000 JAMA article Therapeutic cloning requires the deliberate creation and disaggregation ofa human embryo. some cloned embryos do not even survive one week, to the blastocyst stage, when they are destroyed in the process of harvesting their cells. Experiments with l ab animals show that even these early embryos take on abnormalities in genetic expression.Beyond the abnormalities caused by the cloning procedure, embryonic stem cells from cloned embryos will still face problems for their use, including the tendency to form tumors, and significant difficulties in getting the cells to form the correct tissue and function normally. Therapeutic Cloning Leads to Reproductive Cloning Because there is no difference in the nuclear transfer technique or the cloned embryo, allowing therapeutic cloning experimentation to proceed will inevitably lead to reproductive cloning. The technique can be practiced and colossal numbers of cloned embryos produced.In fact, the lead scientist of the South Korean team that first cloned human embryos in February 2004 in a press conference on their experiments that the cloning technique developed in their laboratory cannot be separated from reproductive cloning. His statement affirms what others have pointed out before allowing therapeutic cloning simply prepares the expressive style for eproductive cloning. Human cloning is unsafe and unnecessary. There are no valid or compelling thousandscientific or medicalto proceed. A comprehensive ban on human cloning is the tho sufficient answer. Part II As Dr.Prentice has shown, cloning indisputably destroys innocent human life. This basic impartiality should lead the world to reject human cloning. However, in an effort to extricate human cloning from this good vise grip, its supporters attempt to draw a distinction between human life, which begins at conception, and human personhood, which begins further at their say-so. Unfortunately, the arbitrary denial f personhood to human beings has a long and cruel history. The Nuremberg mandate, formulated in the years after World War II, is particularly instructive with regard to the current debate on human cloning.For instance, when the principal author of the report on human cloning issued by the Natio nal honorary society of Sciences testified before the Presidents Council on Bioethics, he stated that reproductive cloning would violate the Nuremberg Code The Nuremberg Code, with which I am in honorable agreement, out demarcation lines those kinds of things you would not simply do for the sake of knowledge that involve human subjects. The Nuremberg Code The Nuremberg Code is a body of ethical norms enunciated by the Nuremberg Tribunal, which, after World War II, had the responsibility of Judging the actions of the Nazis and their allies.The point of the code was to restate and apply the established ethical norms of the civilized world. Nazis Deemed Some Life nauseating Nazi laws had defined Jews and other undesirables as non-persons. Eventually, camps and killed. However, before the kill in the camps began, the Nazis had in use(p) in an extensive motility of euthanasia against the mentally and physically handicapped, which not only foreshadowed but also prepared the way for the xtermination camps.In his book The Nazi Doctors, Robert Jay Lifton draws our attention to a book titled The Permission to Destroy Life Unworthy of Life, written during the campaign. Lifton writes It was published in 1920 and written Jointly by two German professors the Jurist Karl fecundation and Alfred Hoche, professor of psychia endeavour at the University of Freiburg. Carefully argued in the numbered-paragraph form of the traditional philosophical treatise, the book include as unworthy life not only the incurably ill but large segments of the mentally ill, the feeble-minded, and retarded and deformed children.The authors professionalized and medicalized the entire concept destroying life unworthy of life was purely a heal treatment and a healing work. The Nazis were determined to cleanse the genetic pool to produce better Aryans. Nazi officials announced that under the direction of specialists all therapeutic possibilities will be administered according to the latest scient ific knowledge. The result of this therapeutic treatment of inferior lives was that eventually a network of some thirty killing areas within existing institutions was set up throughout Germany and in Austria and Poland.In their book, The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code, George Annas and Michael Grodin reveal that At the same time that forced sterilization and abortion were instituted for individuals of inferior genetic depot, sterilization and abortion for salutary German women were declared illegal and punishable (in some cases by closing) as a crime against the German body. As one might imagine, Jews and others deemed racially suspect were exempted from these restrictions. On November 10, 1938, a Luneberg court legalized abortion for Jews.A decree of June 23, 1943, allowed for abortions for Polish workers, ut only if they were not Judged racially valuable. Later, the Nazis created the extermination camps for the Jews and other inferior races. In the camps, Nazi doctors e ngaged in cruel experiments on the Jews, Gypsies, Poles, and others. They exposed them to extreme cold to determine the temperature at which death would occur. They injected them with poisons to see how quickly certain lethal elements moved through the circulatory system.They subjected twins to all manner of disabling and brutal experiments to determine how genetically identical persons reacted to different conditions. Some of the experiments were nonetheless knowing to preserve lifenot of the subject, but of, for example, German pilots who were forced to parachute into freezing ocean waters. Everyone agrees the Nuremberg Code prohibits reproductive cloning. What relevance does it have for therapeutic cloning? If human embryos are human beings, then therapeutic cloning, which creates an embryo only to destroy it in the process of exploiting its stem cells, violates a cardinal principle of the Nuremberg Code There is to be no experimentation on a human subject when it is known that death or disabling injury will result. Regardless of the good that might be produced by such experiments, the experiments are of their very nature an immoral use of human beings. Subverting the Meaning of Healing Recall how the Nazis subverted the gist of healing.Recall how they used the them. Recall that the Nazis eliminated those unworthy of life in order to improve the genetic stock of Germany. Recall how the Nazis undertook lethal experiments on concentration camp inmates in order, in some cases, to find ship canal to preserve the lives of others. The point is not to suggest that those who support therapeutic cloning are, in any sense, Nazis. Rather, the point is to cause each of us to think deeply about whether there is any essential difference between the reality of those Nazi experiments and therapeutic cloning. As we have shown, each case involves a animation human being, and that human being is killed in the aim of a perceived higher good. Cloning proponents try to dist inguish between the two cases by saying that the cloned human being has no potential. But in each case, it is the actions of other human beings that rob the first of potential (in the first case, the actions of Nazi executioners in the second, the laboratory technicians). In either case, the human ubject is full of potential simply by being a living human being. Of course, almost miraculously, many of the inmates of the camps did survive when the allies rescued them.Equally miraculously, frozen embryos have been implanted in a womans womb and brought to live (and healthy) birth. As we have shown, any embryo is not merely potentially a life, but is an actual life, a human being from the first moment of existence. Furthermore, any living human embryo has the implicit in(p) potential to develop into a healthy baby. It is disingenuous for supporters of cloning to claim the cloned human embryo is only potential life because they plan o mandate by law that it be destroyed before it can come to birth.Regardless of its location, the human embryo, by its nature, is full of potential, unless the actions of adult human beings deprive it of the opportunity to realize that potential. Guard Against Inhuman Acts Russian author Alexander Solzhenitsyn, a man who chronicled and suffered under another ideology that denied the dignity of each and every human being, observed, Gradually it was disclosed to me that the line separating good and evil passes not through states, nor between classes, nor between political parties either, but right hough every human heart, and through all human hearts. This line shifts.Inside us, it oscillates. Solzhenitsyn did not regard the perpetrators of brutal crimes in his own country as inhuman monsters. Rather, he saw the essential truththey were human beings, engaged in immoral acts. They engaged in those acts by dehumanizing the persons on whom their brutality was inflicted, and they did so in the prognosticate of (perhaps in the passionate belief in) a greater good. But Solzhenitsyn reminds us that, unless we are spontaneous to suit that, for the best as well as for the orst of motives, we are also capable of inhuman acts, we will have no guard against committing them.No one is safe from brutality so long as we think that it is only inhuman others who are capable of inhuman acts. Rather, we will be secure when we are willing to look honestly at the objective reality of our acts, while realizing that we, too, are capable of acts that violate the inherent dignity of another, and refuse to engage in such acts despite the good we believe would result from doing otherwise. In the debate over the cloning and destruction of embryonic human beings, this essential truth must be our guide. Books Brian Alexander Rapture How Biotech Became the New Religion.